Mojtaba Torkian Demneh; Manijeh Maghsoudi
Abstract
The evaluation of the kinship, family and marriage systems in pre-Islamic Iran, mainly Sassanid era, and today Iranian Zoroastrian has been carried out in this study with diachronic approach. The changes in kinship system in pre-Islamic Iran and modern Zoroastrian in Iran had been assessed via library ...
Read More
The evaluation of the kinship, family and marriage systems in pre-Islamic Iran, mainly Sassanid era, and today Iranian Zoroastrian has been carried out in this study with diachronic approach. The changes in kinship system in pre-Islamic Iran and modern Zoroastrian in Iran had been assessed via library research methods, and ethnographic methods. In this study, the changes were assessed according to Claude Rivière and G. P. Murdock viewpoint of the kinship, family and marriage systems. These two scholars assumed the least changes in kinship system, and among kinship elements. Rivière believed that the most impact is related to the marriage. In this research, this theory analyzed and its accuracy is confirmed according to the findings. Moreover, the assumptions like the passage of cultural components from the simple elements to the developed elements are conflicted according to the findings of this study. Therefore, it has been distinguished that the cultural components does not necessarily move from the simple to the complicacy and does not necessarily change it as well.
Literature
Ehsan Ghabool; Abdollah Radmard; Zahra Shariatpanah
Abstract
Literary and historical texts can be considered as the most important tool in recognizing the images of women of different ethnic groups in the past. Imagology is the knowledge to classify and analyze the images of women in these texts on a systematic and scientific basis. The travelogues are among the ...
Read More
Literary and historical texts can be considered as the most important tool in recognizing the images of women of different ethnic groups in the past. Imagology is the knowledge to classify and analyze the images of women in these texts on a systematic and scientific basis. The travelogues are among the literary texts, which represents a fairly realistic image of women. One of the most comprehensive travelogues in the eighth century is Ibn Battutah's travelogue. In this article, we are going to identify and classify a variety of women's images in this travelogue. Accordingly, in primary images of the women from Turkic, Mongolian, Iranian, Chinese and Indian countries, the classification are conducted from three perspectives of appearance and covering, marriage, and attendance in social activities, and then the valuation attitude of Ibn Battutah has been reviewed for each image. The results of this study introduce new images of the women of these nations in Ibn Battutah's travelogue. Thus, the results confirm the hypothesis that Ibn Battutah's religious presuppositions have influenced his evaluation attitude toward women of different ethnic groups, representing itself in Turkic tribes and Mogul, Iran, India and China.
International
Ehsan Ghabool; Abdollah Radmard; Toktam Abedi
Abstract
Imagology is one of the branches of comparative literature that attempts to identify the features and attitudes of other nations through literary works. The identification of women’s image in other countries and nations from the viewpoint of a foreign poet or author is a topic of the knowledge ...
Read More
Imagology is one of the branches of comparative literature that attempts to identify the features and attitudes of other nations through literary works. The identification of women’s image in other countries and nations from the viewpoint of a foreign poet or author is a topic of the knowledge imagology. This plays an important role in understanding the position, interests and attitudes of women in those societies. In this essay, the images of women in Ibn-e Fazlan Travelogues are studied. This travelogue is one of the oldest survived literary works about the lands located in the basin of Volga River and Central Asia. The author of the work also traveled and visited Iran and Turkan region. In Ibn-e Fazlan travelogues, valuable and exclusive information and images of Turkish, Bulgarian, Iranian and Russian women are given. These images and information have been studied and classified in this essay within the four perspectives of marriage, clothes, jewelries and bondwomen based on the methodology of imagology. This is concluded that those images of women were strange and odd to Ibn-e Fazlan based on his beliefs and the environment he lived in. The strange images are specially marked for Russian, Turkish, Bulgarian and Iranian nations, in order.
Sociology
Ahmadreza Asgharpour Masouleh; Mahdi Kermani; Zahra Baradaran Kashani
Abstract
In each community, there are certain criteria and norms for selection of a spouse according to the conditions and requirements of society. In other words, selection of a spouse is a social affair, greatly influenced by the dominant values of society. More researches in this area have used deductive strategies ...
Read More
In each community, there are certain criteria and norms for selection of a spouse according to the conditions and requirements of society. In other words, selection of a spouse is a social affair, greatly influenced by the dominant values of society. More researches in this area have used deductive strategies and quantitative methods to investigate the phenomenon. However, this phenomenon has subjective dimensions and diverse objective manifestations in life experience of social actors that are complex at the same time. This research is based on a phenomenological approach to explore the meaning of choosing a spouse among young women as a social phenomenon. This phenomenological study was carried out with the participation of fifteen young girls married in the city of Mashhad who were chosen purposefully. The results showed that there are three dominant patterns for the selection of a spouse: style based on traditional patterns, style based on friendly interactions, intermediate style (friendly interactions under the supervision of family). Also the criteria making, control of criteria, adaptation, acceptance and final selection represent the original dimensions of spouse selection common in life experience of participants under study.
Sociology
Zahra Mokhtari; Masoud Kianpour; Ehsan Agha Babaei
Abstract
Love has been important as a basis of marriage and mate selection in today’s Iranian society. Therefore, this study tries to understand lived experience of marital love before wedding from the perspective of newly married individuals by using phenomenological approach. Research subjects include ...
Read More
Love has been important as a basis of marriage and mate selection in today’s Iranian society. Therefore, this study tries to understand lived experience of marital love before wedding from the perspective of newly married individuals by using phenomenological approach. Research subjects include married citizens of Isfahan who are in their early years of marital life. Through purposive sampling and in-depth interviews with twenty-four individuals data were collected and by using eight stages of phenomenological analysis, based on Butler-Kisber the interviews were analyzed. Data analysis shows that the lived experience of love before wedding up to exactly the wedding moment, is constructed by a contrast between reason and emotion in three phases including the contrast between “Romanticism” and “realism” before the encounter, and “liking”, “realism” and “sparking moments” after the encounter, which can be generally identified with the theme of “confusion between fear and hope”. The moment of wedding, besides having such a contrast, is also a pivotal moment in the consciousness of actors, and functions as the end point of the confusion; since after the wedding moment their uncertainty reduces to zero and they experience a kind of “emotional transformation”. Therefore, the wedding moment signifies a change of the lived experience of marital love before marriage.
Literature
Reza Satari; Marzieh Haghighi; Shahram Ahmadi
Abstract
Regarded as one of the most important concepts in Structuralism, the Theory of Binary Opposition has long been used as a yardstick against which Structuralists measure their researches in the wide realms of Linguistics, Narratives, Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Psychology. Employing ...
Read More
Regarded as one of the most important concepts in Structuralism, the Theory of Binary Opposition has long been used as a yardstick against which Structuralists measure their researches in the wide realms of Linguistics, Narratives, Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Psychology. Employing Binary Opposition in Structural Anthropology, Lévi-Strauss aimed to discover human’s cognitive structure in mythology and other various cultural practices, believing that such inevitable oppositions tend to be the first steps of human being taken to appreciate the world around him. One of the most widely-discussed oppositions in Strauss’ theory tends to be the one between culture and nature. Regarded as the primary social bond and the outset of human culture, family and kinship, according to Strauss, is against the nature. He discusses that the opposition between exogamy and endogamy (when the members of the same family marry each other) exemplifies the culture/nature opposition. Owing to the high frequency of exogamy in Shah nameh and the following national epics, the present study aimed to examine the afore-said trend in Persian epics applying the theories of Lévi-Strauss in the analysis of such oppositions. Through these approaches, the social background, religion, life, social relationships and kinship contracts governing the society have been investigated. In this regard, according to the structural anthropology theory and the principle of binary oppositions which is the main basis of this theory, oppositions between Iran/Aniran, male/female, patriarchy/matriarchy, father/mother originality and some kinship oppositions between father/son, father/daughter and mother/son have been studied.
Historic
Kolsom Ghazanfari; Hossein Badamchi; Parvin Davari
Abstract
The formation of marriage which is the foundation of family in both Islam and Zoroastrianism depends on certain requirements or conditions. The comparative study of these requirements or conditions shows certain similarities and differences between the two religions, and examining these issues can shed ...
Read More
The formation of marriage which is the foundation of family in both Islam and Zoroastrianism depends on certain requirements or conditions. The comparative study of these requirements or conditions shows certain similarities and differences between the two religions, and examining these issues can shed light on the common tradition and shared heritage between the two. The present essay will first study the conditions of marriage from perspective of Zoroastrianism and then compares that standpoint to the Islamic law. The study shows that there are important differences between the two religions. This research deals with one problem from the perspective of the Zoroastrianism and then examines the same problem from the Islamic point of view. Common characteristics in conditions of marriage (age, consent of the guardian, consent of the girl and boy, and their social equality) and in the marriage contact itself (offer and acceptance, representation, witnesses and bride-wealth) between the two legal systems are noteworthy.
cultural
Meisam Mousaaei; Leila Sadat Fenderesi
Abstract
Undoubtedly, the family unit is one of the most important social institutions, having different forms and known in almost all societies. Different factors can affect people’s marital status. The statistical population of this study consists of married and single men and women residing in Behshahr, ...
Read More
Undoubtedly, the family unit is one of the most important social institutions, having different forms and known in almost all societies. Different factors can affect people’s marital status. The statistical population of this study consists of married and single men and women residing in Behshahr, Iran in summer 1391. A total of 400 subjects were randomly selected for the study. The research has been conducted based on survey method and the data has been collected using techniques of face to face interviews in the form of questionnaires. Furthermore, in order to judge the accuracy of the hypothesis, logistic regression has been used. The empirical findings show that economic capital has a significant impact on people's marital status, that is, an increase in economic capital (especially among women( of people brings about a decrease in marriage rate.
geography
Kiuomrs Yazdanpanah Dreo
Abstract
During the stay of Afghans in Iran, 30 thousand Afghan women married to men. Marriage of Iranian women to Afghans is extremely worrying; in particular, 98 percent of marriages are associated with failure and homelessness. Illegal marriage problems with illegal nationalities would lead to education, healthcare ...
Read More
During the stay of Afghans in Iran, 30 thousand Afghan women married to men. Marriage of Iranian women to Afghans is extremely worrying; in particular, 98 percent of marriages are associated with failure and homelessness. Illegal marriage problems with illegal nationalities would lead to education, healthcare and housing problems for women and children contributing to confusion and homelessness. Given the fact many of the people who accept such marriages are of poor classes of society, it is necessary to introduce them with the dark and troubling consequences of their marriage by sensible programming. Some of these women are deceived by Afghan nationalities or are girls sold by their fathers to marry Afghan men and many of their marriages fail. From the very beginning of marriage, they have to grapple with many problems. The first problem for every Iranian woman who marries to an Afghan is her loss of Iranian citizenship. After their marriage to Afghans, many of these women are abandoned across the border or return to their country with several children suffering from many psychological, social and economic problems. Such factors as lack of adequate security, scarcity and shortage of cultivated land, the low level of employment, the slow process of rebuilding the country, low social welfare and urban services, lack of adequate health care and poor education system are some of the major problems that make Afghans return to their homeland. In this study, we tried to present a trend analysis based on the facts above; the pathology is geopolitical.
Sociology
Hasan Afrasiabi; Nasrin Bahmani
Abstract
Marriage and mate selection is one of the most important events in the social life which has been observed in various forms in different eras and societies. To achieve this, using qualitative content analysis, all marriages mentioned in the Shahnameh were analyzed. The results show that the kings and ...
Read More
Marriage and mate selection is one of the most important events in the social life which has been observed in various forms in different eras and societies. To achieve this, using qualitative content analysis, all marriages mentioned in the Shahnameh were analyzed. The results show that the kings and heroes as the class of Iranian society in the Shahnameh, for finding a matching partner, personal gain or for political expedience outside Iran have attempted to select mate. In general, it can be said that in ancient exogamy marriage is not only a common pattern, but it can be a time-honored tradition that goes back a thousand years.
Abstract
Stories and fictions are important cultural resources which in many cultures are narrated by women.These storiescan bea reflection of ideals and desires of women in different levels of a society. Therefore, reviewing these stories and fictions would bebeneficial to better understand the various aspects ...
Read More
Stories and fictions are important cultural resources which in many cultures are narrated by women.These storiescan bea reflection of ideals and desires of women in different levels of a society. Therefore, reviewing these stories and fictions would bebeneficial to better understand the various aspects of women’s life in a society.This research aims to study women’s positionin Bakhtiary’s culture usingthirty written stories. Bakhtiary’s culture is patriarchal anddespite positive attitude towards women in this culture, they are still looked upon inferior.In such a culture women have less contribution and influence in economical and political activitieswhere are dominated by men. However, Bakhtiary’s women have challenged discriminating attitudes ofthe patriarchal setting and rejected the existing sexual discriminations particularly in social settings.In this respect, theyhave even succeeded in altering some traditional views of their men toward themselves. The most significant preoccupations of women in these types of stories include marriage and combatingpatriarchal thoughts. For instance, women have been culturally obliged to obey men’s will on the matter of marriage, whereas, on many occasions, they have rejected this and married on their own choice. In this paper, the presence of women in these stories has been subjected to qualitative and quantitive analysis. In addition, the presence of women in the political and economicalactivities, struggling patriarchal thinking, partaking in naming their children, marriage, womanly issues, women characters, andthe number of women in the stories are thosethat have been dealt with in this paper.
mohammad javad javid
Abstract
Islamic jurisprudence concerning the male-female relationships relies upon the mahram / non-mahram concepts. In the contemporary religious literature, one, usually a stranger, who is a mahram to someone of the opposite gender (as enumerated in Islamic law) can establish an acceptable kind of friendship, ...
Read More
Islamic jurisprudence concerning the male-female relationships relies upon the mahram / non-mahram concepts. In the contemporary religious literature, one, usually a stranger, who is a mahram to someone of the opposite gender (as enumerated in Islamic law) can establish an acceptable kind of friendship, whereas lacking such a feature (failure to become mahrams) means that there is an unorthodox boundary for the interactions between the two genders. On the one hand, the view of the Islamic culture is to keep the relationships between boys and girls to a minimum; on the other hand, however, the only opportunity for a prudent relationship between boys and girls is when they have a serious plan for marriage. Beyond the limits of the family and religious marriage, virtually all emotional, intimate and love relations are despicable and religiously unlawful or a path to pave the way towards great sins. In the past there had been a social acceptance relying the local and traditional criteria which could practically lead to timely marriage at the beginning of puberty; given the above, the main question in this paper is how it is possible to regulate the time gap which exists between puberty and the time of marriage, under the present circumstances where as a result of the expanded network of relationships, the society encounters reduced age of puberty and increased age of marriage. This paper seeks to seek feasibility of a regulated management of the period between puberty and the time of permanent marriage, and that upon the theory of Islamic friendship.
Karim Golshani Rad
Volume 2, Issue 3 , March 2011, , Pages 117-131
Abstract
Many of the contemporary authors and researchers such as C. Bartholomae (the author of the book “Zum sassanidischem Recht”) and Arthur Christensen (the author of the book “Iran in the Sassanian Period”), believe that women had a very bad status in the Sassanian period, being dealt with as slaves ...
Read More
Many of the contemporary authors and researchers such as C. Bartholomae (the author of the book “Zum sassanidischem Recht”) and Arthur Christensen (the author of the book “Iran in the Sassanian Period”), believe that women had a very bad status in the Sassanian period, being dealt with as slaves or objects. However, studying the religious and non-religious resources of this period, including Avesta and Matikan-e-Hazar Datastan (The Digest of a Thousand Points of Law), we realise that, in that period, women could testify in court and express their opinion about marriage, while a father could not coerce her daughter into marrying someone. Also, a girl could marry someone she loved without her father’s permission; after marriage, she could do business or even divorce her husband. Therefore, it is shown that women had a suitable status in the Sassanid society
