Historic
Abstract
Nazism and women:
Reflection of Nazi attitudes about women in the weekly newspaper "Nameh Iran-e Bastan"
Abstract:
In the contemporary world, women have been considered in different ways as a subject for propagandizing modernism, religious traditionalism, a criterion for the development of ...
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Nazism and women:
Reflection of Nazi attitudes about women in the weekly newspaper "Nameh Iran-e Bastan"
Abstract:
In the contemporary world, women have been considered in different ways as a subject for propagandizing modernism, religious traditionalism, a criterion for the development of citizenship rights, etc. In the doctrine of the National Socialist Party of Germany, women were considered as a means to increase the population and increase the political-military power of the country. In Iran, at the same time, the approach to the women as a means of modernity and a factor for increase of population and to create a strong central government was noticed in some Journals such as "Nameh-h Iran Bastan". This research seeks to answer the question that what was the position of women in this Journal and how were the views and program of Nazi Germany reflected in it? This research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on the content analysis of the weekly newspaper "Nameh Iran Bastan" during the 4 years of its publication. Nameh Iran Bastan was started in 1933 under the management of Abdul Rahman Saif Azad, who was a pro German Nazism party, when Hitler came to power in Germany and continued until 1936.
The results of research shows that according to defense of this weekly newspaper to fascism, along with a modern understanding of the women in the society, they are mentioned as an effective tool for childbearing and as a result increasing the military power of the country. Contrary to the traditional view that does not allow women to enter the field of sports and political-social activities, in this modern view women are semi-divine beings in terms of the creation of the nation, who, while entering the field of social activity, he should do her most important duty, i.e. childbearing and upbringing them.
Key words: First Pahlavi, Modernity, Nazism, Procreation, Women.
Historic
mohammadjavad najafi; Mohammed Hussain ragby Davani; mohammad sepehri
Abstract
Recognizing and examining historical examples of the position and performance of women poets in early Islamic countries and their comparison, in addition to being novel and new in terms of research, is discussed here as the main issue of the article. The purpose of the research is to determine the importance ...
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Recognizing and examining historical examples of the position and performance of women poets in early Islamic countries and their comparison, in addition to being novel and new in terms of research, is discussed here as the main issue of the article. The purpose of the research is to determine the importance of the Messenger of God (pbuh) to the position of women poets and to consider their role in the political and social arenas by him and to compare the performance of the governments of the so-called rightly caliphs with the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) in This is the case. In this regard, the research question is proposed as follows; To what extent did the governments of the three caliphs and Hazrat Ali (AS) pay attention to the position of women poets according to the performance of the Prophet's government?The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library and documentary data. The findings of this research show that most of the narratives about the position and influence of women poets of the Islamic government at the beginning of Islam were related to the era of Prophetic and Alawi rule, which is derived from two schools of thought and two different management styles in this regard. The first one tries to adjust the position of Muslim women poets based on religious criteria and thus improve it, and the second one tries to adjust this position as he likes based on personal theories and individual tastes taken from the local environment before Islam and the interests ahead. acts government at the beginning of Islam were related to the era of Prophetic and Alawi rule, which is derived from two schools of thought and two different management styles in this regard. The first one tries to adjust the position of Muslim women poets based on religious criteria and thus improve it, and the second one tries to adjust this position as he likes based on personal theories and individual tastes taken from the local environment before Islam and the
Historic
Javad Nazarimoghaddam
Abstract
Changing the clothes and removing the hijab from Iranian women is one of the most important and challenging cultural and social measures in the first Pahlavi period, which was carried out with the aim of modernizing Iranian society and realizing the western development model. The disproportion of the ...
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Changing the clothes and removing the hijab from Iranian women is one of the most important and challenging cultural and social measures in the first Pahlavi period, which was carried out with the aim of modernizing Iranian society and realizing the western development model. The disproportion of the veil removal law with the requirements and national and religious values of the Iranian society and its imposition by the government on the people with the aim of removing the veil, led to widespread opposition from various social groups. The study of this part of the contemporary history of Iran provides a clear picture of the cultural policies of the Pahlavi period and how the Iranian society faced it. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate how the people of Gilan faced the veil removal law by adopting a descriptive and analytical approach and using documents related to the period of veil removal in the Pahlavi period. The findings of this research, while not confirming the results of previous studies regarding the lack of significant resistance of the people of Gilan against the veil removal law, show that the necessary ground and platform for the acceptance of veiling in Gilan as in other regions of Iran is not available and the people of Gilan They have shown resistance against this action that is incompatible with the culture and identity of the Iranian society. show that the necessary ground and platform for the acceptance of veiling in Gilan as in other regions of Iran is not available and the people of Gilan They have shown resistance against this action that is incompatible with the culture and identity of the Iranian society.
Changing the clothes and removing the hijab from Iranian women is one of the most important and challenging cultural and social measures in the first Pahlavi period, which was carried out with the aim of modernizing Iranian society and realizing the western development model.
Historic
Nooraldin Nemati
Abstract
Parliament in the modern structure of politics represents the popular will and thus holds a special place. How women performed in the parliament is here a topic of special interest. The Iranian constitution gives extensive powers to the parliament members and several principles of the constitution emphasize ...
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Parliament in the modern structure of politics represents the popular will and thus holds a special place. How women performed in the parliament is here a topic of special interest. The Iranian constitution gives extensive powers to the parliament members and several principles of the constitution emphasize the women’s rights, empowering women and creating job opportunities for women under Islamic standards. The sixth term of the parliament was formed by a majority of Reformist representatives elected by a large number of voters. The elected women in this parliament all had higher education degrees. A women’s fraction was created and with the support of the other members of the parliament, important laws and reforms were made in areas like job, education, family support, equal pay, and joining the convention for eliminating discrimination against women, all intended to improve the legal status of women. The present research examines the following question: how did the women representatives on the Parliament contributed to this reform and what means they used. We will study how the formation of the women’s fraction and proposing laws and reforms regarding the improvement of employment for women, education, family support, and protecting the children in the family contributed to this legal reform and if it consequently brought any change to the society.
Historic
fatemeh samiee; hasan zandiyeh
Abstract
With the rise of the Pahlavid dynasty, the modern education of women became a necessity for the innovation project in Iran. Therefore, women education became pivotal in the discourse of modernization advocated by the Pahlavid dynasty. Due to the political standoff as a result of Reza Shah’s exit ...
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With the rise of the Pahlavid dynasty, the modern education of women became a necessity for the innovation project in Iran. Therefore, women education became pivotal in the discourse of modernization advocated by the Pahlavid dynasty. Due to the political standoff as a result of Reza Shah’s exit from Iran, the modern education for women underwent discourse turmoil. With the empowering of the rival discourses and their arrival on the political scene, the dominant discourse for women education lost its vigor and the central focus of innovation which was predominant in Reza Shah’s era lost its force. This led to the formation of the concept of “Muslim Woman” versus “Modern Woman”. This historical era, regarding the education of women, is the time of the formation of policies and educational programs which finally led to the educational revolution in 1345 S.H. This Study employing the traditional continuity concept in history through a descriptive – analytical approach intends to survey the plans, and the pace of the changes in girls’ educational programs as reflected in high school text books, in order to identify the identity of women and their role in the modernization of Iran.Key Terms: Women education, Innovation, Educational policies, Mohammad Reza Shah
Historic
Maryam saeedyan; zahra sadat keshavarz
Abstract
Cybernetics, social system of action, model variables, transitional, traditional, post-traditional situation, the current research with a documentary strategy and in a descriptive-analytical way, and based on the existing historical data about women in the Safavid era, attempts to redraw the status of ...
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Cybernetics, social system of action, model variables, transitional, traditional, post-traditional situation, the current research with a documentary strategy and in a descriptive-analytical way, and based on the existing historical data about women in the Safavid era, attempts to redraw the status of these women based on The model variables proposed in the structural functionalism theory of Talcott Parsons, which connects the science of history with other departments of social sciences. The main research question is how women in the Safavid era were able to be effective in the social system of their era. The hypothesis of the research is that women played an effective role in the transition of the society from the traditional to the post-traditional state, and this role was achieved through passing from attributive, emotional, general and qualitative roles to acquired, trans-emotional and specific roles. oriented and functional, they have provided to some extent and have helped to transform the society of the Safavid era into a semi-transitional and dynamic society. The results show that this preliminary transition has caused the transfer of energy and information from systems and sub-systems with the role of women, instead of only through assigned and specific roles, etc. Acquiring and generalizing roles, etc. should also take place, and the foundations of a new configuration of the cybernetics system of the Safavid era should be created.
Historic
Seyede Fahime Ebrahimi
Abstract
The world life of Bukharn people in the 19th and 20th centuries is based on cultural and historical contexts that have been found their final structure over the centuries and based on its life challenges. What attracts the researcher more attention in this life than in other Middle Eastern societies ...
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The world life of Bukharn people in the 19th and 20th centuries is based on cultural and historical contexts that have been found their final structure over the centuries and based on its life challenges. What attracts the researcher more attention in this life than in other Middle Eastern societies of his time is the absolute absence of women, which is highlighted in the representation of historical texts. Of course, the masculinity of history in the Iranian world is not new, but when this ratio becomes so prominent in a region that it continues even during the global entry of modernity, it Creates more ambiguity; In search of the causes of the continuation of men's history we need to explore the norms and habits of this life (as illustrated in the Encyclopedia of Yadashtaha) and explore the context of action of modern-day intellectuals. According to the adopted axis, the main question of the present subject is designed in two parts: "What are the characteristics of the life of Bukhara women at this time and why is there no movement on their part in the developments of the modernist years?" Our claim is that "Bukhara women at the focal point of the traditional life system (family), along with their covering, educational and class coordinates, have had minimal challenges to society, and during the growth of modernist currents due to the different context of their society "They do not experience."
Historic
Ali Baghdar Delgosha; Homa Zanjani Zadeh
Abstract
One of the most important issues that women considered in their poetry, in Iran, was the problem of social inequality. An outstanding example of the kind of issues can be found in the published press of late Qajar periods. This study as a descriptive-analytic research emphasizes on all the remaining ...
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One of the most important issues that women considered in their poetry, in Iran, was the problem of social inequality. An outstanding example of the kind of issues can be found in the published press of late Qajar periods. This study as a descriptive-analytic research emphasizes on all the remaining numbers of women’s letters of Banavan Newspaper as the first newspaper publishing various women’s poems, from a sociological perspective to analyze the main issue of women poets dangled in their thoughts and poems. The studies show that the main issue in these women's poems is to criticize gender inequalities in the Iranian society and the main focus of these poems is mostly on Iranian women. A special emphasis has been placed on the “female gender” pattern. Due to the issue of social equality, the comparing pattern is men’s social right and position. In conclusion, change of social view towards women and their education are the main solutions which have been proposed to eliminate gender inequality in the society.
Historic
Nouredin Nemati
Abstract
Iran’s Islamic parliament is the most important democratic institution of the country. Social and political groups try hard to get in the parliament due to its legislative powers and wide range jurisdiction. The third and fourth periods of the Islamic Parliament elections were held under different ...
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Iran’s Islamic parliament is the most important democratic institution of the country. Social and political groups try hard to get in the parliament due to its legislative powers and wide range jurisdiction. The third and fourth periods of the Islamic Parliament elections were held under different circumstances. After the death of Imam Khomeini and the end of the war, and beginning of the Sazandegi-government, we observed a change in the political situation in Iran. In the rivalry between the groups called followers of Imam and traditional groups, two main movements of Principle followers (right) and Reformists (left) were formed. They tried to obtain a major role in the parliament, and in this period the number of female candidates (and consequently female MPs) increased in comparison with the previous periods. The female representatives had played a major role in passing legislative bills regarding family and women’s right and encouraged more participation of women in social, cultural, economic and political spheres. This paper intends to approach this role from a descriptive perspective and study how the female representative within the framework of constitutional limits and Islamic teachings could develop the women’s position in the society.
Historic
Mahshad Sotoudeh; Mahshid Mirfakhraie
Abstract
Mādayān ī Hazār Dādestān, the book of Thousand Judgments, is one of the most important social history sources and juridical text in Middle Persian language and script. This text has been written in dawn Sasanian era, i.e. the early 7th century A.D. It is the only text remained from juridical tradition ...
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Mādayān ī Hazār Dādestān, the book of Thousand Judgments, is one of the most important social history sources and juridical text in Middle Persian language and script. This text has been written in dawn Sasanian era, i.e. the early 7th century A.D. It is the only text remained from juridical tradition of Zoroastrianism that argues about legal and civil issues for surviving in its original form and language. It belongs to the era before Islam. This book mentioned a compilation of law terms including slavery, warranty, partnership, marriage, divorce, disobedient or misconduct and etc. In Sasanian period, women's position was dependent on their status class and the women that didn't follow the principles and social norms punished in multiple reasons. The kind of their punishments was dependent on their social levels. These women were called disobedient. Therefore, in this article, discussion about the concept of misconduct and legal aspects is related to various levels (Pādixšay-wife and čagar-wife), analysis of the verdicts, quality of partnership and women possessions, before and after of her misconduct's confirmation. The text also declared the legal issues on the conditions of acquiring the properties inherited by the disobedient woman, their children, and also quality of their incoming.
Historic
Kolsom Ghazanfari; Hossein Badamchi; Parvin Davari
Abstract
The formation of marriage which is the foundation of family in both Islam and Zoroastrianism depends on certain requirements or conditions. The comparative study of these requirements or conditions shows certain similarities and differences between the two religions, and examining these issues can shed ...
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The formation of marriage which is the foundation of family in both Islam and Zoroastrianism depends on certain requirements or conditions. The comparative study of these requirements or conditions shows certain similarities and differences between the two religions, and examining these issues can shed light on the common tradition and shared heritage between the two. The present essay will first study the conditions of marriage from perspective of Zoroastrianism and then compares that standpoint to the Islamic law. The study shows that there are important differences between the two religions. This research deals with one problem from the perspective of the Zoroastrianism and then examines the same problem from the Islamic point of view. Common characteristics in conditions of marriage (age, consent of the guardian, consent of the girl and boy, and their social equality) and in the marriage contact itself (offer and acceptance, representation, witnesses and bride-wealth) between the two legal systems are noteworthy.
Historic
Noureddin Nemati; Samaneh Esfandiary
Abstract
In Iranian history, women have been given important roles in political, social, cultural, and economic areas. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, women have been promoted to important positions in executive and legislative branches of governments. After Islamic revolution, however, women’s ...
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In Iranian history, women have been given important roles in political, social, cultural, and economic areas. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, women have been promoted to important positions in executive and legislative branches of governments. After Islamic revolution, however, women’s role was not diminished but has increased significantly. Women in this period dedicated themselves to the Islamic Regime and in this area the women’s role in the Iranian Parliament is of special importance. The present paper studies the role and function of women in the first two periods of the Iranian Parliament after Islamic Revolution and how their condition improved in the country. This research works on the hypothesis that the women in the first two parliaments improved the women’s conditions by developing protective legal measures working within the legal structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Historic
Khadijeh Alemi; Hanieh Askari; Parvin Soheil Shamayee
Abstract
Political and social isolation of women in pre-Islamic period and their blurred role in social and political life changed with the advent of Islam. However, in the era of the caliphs, under the influence of Jewish and Christian cultural elements and the revival of certain pre-Islamic Arabian traditions, ...
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Political and social isolation of women in pre-Islamic period and their blurred role in social and political life changed with the advent of Islam. However, in the era of the caliphs, under the influence of Jewish and Christian cultural elements and the revival of certain pre-Islamic Arabian traditions, the page was turned and the situation is well reflected in historical texts and traditions. This paper intends to study this backward view point reflected in historical and narrative texts available from the 2nd to 7th centuries. This research tries to address this issue: what are the social and political factors of Pre-Islamic Arabian traditions regarding woman in historical and narrative texts from the 2nd to 7th centuries. In response to this question, the present paper suggests that many of the stories found in historical and narrative medieval texts with misogynistic attitudes are fake and the chain of narrators are not reliable. Identifying unreliable narratives and their impact on changing attitudes toward women in Islamic society is the main goal of the paper. Research method is historical analysis using medieval texts and written sources from the 2nd to 7th centuries.
Historic
Fatemeh Janahmadi; Reyhaneh Hashemi Shahidi
Abstract
Assigned roles and the enacted roles are two types of roles in the social life. Some of these roles are assigned to women in the Islamic society based on Quranic verses and traditions, which have been named according to the sociology of roles assigned to women in Islamic society. Subordinate to social ...
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Assigned roles and the enacted roles are two types of roles in the social life. Some of these roles are assigned to women in the Islamic society based on Quranic verses and traditions, which have been named according to the sociology of roles assigned to women in Islamic society. Subordinate to social terms along with the demands of Islam and relying on grounds and factors in the Islamic society, these roles are enforced and strengthened. Some of these factors were endorsed provisions of the Prophet (PBUH) and have already existed either basically or with low effect, based on the inherent circumstances and factors in the community. Some of these roles have been created by being established in Islam and the holy religion of Islam besides granting these roles, by referring to them has tried to elevate their social status and position. What is being addressed in this article is explanation of endorsed and the established provisions of Islam and the Prophet (PBUH) in delegating and strengthening the assigned role of women in Islamic society, and that the raised questions will be answered along with documentations by analytical-descriptive method based on historical references.
Historic
Hossein Badamchi; Kolsoum Ghazanfari; Parvin Davari
Abstract
Abstract In Zoroastrian law, there are several indications that denote to the temporary marriage as a legal institution and this can be compared to one law in Imami jurisprudence. Sunni and Imami jurists differ on the continued legitimacy of the temporary marriage which the former believes it to be continued. ...
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Abstract In Zoroastrian law, there are several indications that denote to the temporary marriage as a legal institution and this can be compared to one law in Imami jurisprudence. Sunni and Imami jurists differ on the continued legitimacy of the temporary marriage which the former believes it to be continued. Temporary marriage is legitimate in the opinion of Imami jurists and it has certain conditions that need to be observed. In Zoroastrian texts, there is no separate chapter discussing this institution but based on the remaining evidence one can infer its existence and attempt a reconstruction. In the first section of this paper, this remaining evidence, direct and indirect, will be discussed and then the main points of the comparison with Imami jurisprudence will be studied taking into consideration similarities and differences. The study shows considerable similarity although the aims and conditions are different on occasions.
Historic
Mohsen Beheshti Seresht; Mohsen Parvish
Abstract
Ghajar era opened up a new chapter in the life of Iranian women; as a result of intellectual growth in this period Iranian women got a chance to enter social scenes more than before, and their role appeared in social and cultural events. Constitutional discourse, social development and resultant freedom ...
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Ghajar era opened up a new chapter in the life of Iranian women; as a result of intellectual growth in this period Iranian women got a chance to enter social scenes more than before, and their role appeared in social and cultural events. Constitutional discourse, social development and resultant freedom created a chance for women to openly express their perspectives and try to realize them; publishing feminist journals and establishing socio-political associations were among the most important means they used to achieve this aim. Shahnaz Azad (Roshdeeh) was one of the women's rights defenders in the late Ghajar era. Publishing Lady's journal, she sought to awaken and illuminate women about their rights and status. The journal published articles written by women only, mainly discussed Iranian female education and revised the idea of women absence in society. This research aims to study women's socio-cultural demands from Shahnaz Azad viewpoint and Lady's journal as well.
