Historic
mohammadjavad najafi; Mohammed Hussain ragby Davani; mohammad sepehri
Abstract
Recognizing and examining historical examples of the position and performance of women poets in early Islamic countries and their comparison, in addition to being novel and new in terms of research, is discussed here as the main issue of the article. The purpose of the research is to determine the importance ...
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Recognizing and examining historical examples of the position and performance of women poets in early Islamic countries and their comparison, in addition to being novel and new in terms of research, is discussed here as the main issue of the article. The purpose of the research is to determine the importance of the Messenger of God (pbuh) to the position of women poets and to consider their role in the political and social arenas by him and to compare the performance of the governments of the so-called rightly caliphs with the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) in This is the case. In this regard, the research question is proposed as follows; To what extent did the governments of the three caliphs and Hazrat Ali (AS) pay attention to the position of women poets according to the performance of the Prophet's government?The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library and documentary data. The findings of this research show that most of the narratives about the position and influence of women poets of the Islamic government at the beginning of Islam were related to the era of Prophetic and Alawi rule, which is derived from two schools of thought and two different management styles in this regard. The first one tries to adjust the position of Muslim women poets based on religious criteria and thus improve it, and the second one tries to adjust this position as he likes based on personal theories and individual tastes taken from the local environment before Islam and the interests ahead. acts government at the beginning of Islam were related to the era of Prophetic and Alawi rule, which is derived from two schools of thought and two different management styles in this regard. The first one tries to adjust the position of Muslim women poets based on religious criteria and thus improve it, and the second one tries to adjust this position as he likes based on personal theories and individual tastes taken from the local environment before Islam and the
Literature
mohsen seifi; samaneh dehghani; ali najafi ivaki
Abstract
Feminist criticism highlights women and their position in society. Alati Ta’ud al Salalim (She who counts the stairs) is a novel written by Huda Hamed, an Omani writer. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women’s position in society and addresses concepts like social class inequality ...
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Feminist criticism highlights women and their position in society. Alati Ta’ud al Salalim (She who counts the stairs) is a novel written by Huda Hamed, an Omani writer. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women’s position in society and addresses concepts like social class inequality among women, their cultural challenges, and male dominance. The present study aims to investigate this novel based on four models of gynocriticism proposed by Elaine Showalter, including biological, linguistics, psychoanalytic, and cultural models.. Using prominent linguistic features such as vocabulary and Arabic dialect in reflecting women’s issues and their cultural challenges like women trafficking and physical abuse in her work, Hamed has created an impressive and informative work. The results of the study revealed that she has succeeded in identifying women considering women’s social and cultural issues. Moreover, the high frequency of the components of Showalter’s model in the novel under study confirms its feministic nature. The women’s cultural aspect is so highlighted in its narrative that the fundamental and deep cultural concerns are mentioned in the shadow of the biological and psychoanalytic issues. This research seeks to answer this question: “how does the writer reflect women’s components in her novel?” She has raised issues like delivery, female circumcision, and pregnancy, considering the biological model. In terms of the psychoanalytic model, she has mentioned obsessions, compulsions, sleep, and bipolarity. Using prominent linguistic features such as vocabulary and Arabic dialect in reflecting women’s issues and their cultural challenges like women trafficking and physical abuse in her work, Hamed has created an impressive and informative work. The results of the study revealed that she has succeeded in identifying women considering women’s social and cultural issues. Moreover, the high frequency of the components of Showalter’s model in the novel under study confirms its feministic nature. The women’s cultural aspect is so highlighted in its narrative that the fundamental and deep cultural concerns are mentioned in the shadow of the biological and psychoanalytic issues.
Literature
Shafiullah Salik; Mahsa Rone
Abstract
Color is considered one of the personality measurement criteria in modern psychology; because each color has a special effect on the mind and body of the viewer and represents his mental state. And every literary work also consciously or unconsciously expresses the thought, intellectual structure, and ...
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Color is considered one of the personality measurement criteria in modern psychology; because each color has a special effect on the mind and body of the viewer and represents his mental state. And every literary work also consciously or unconsciously expresses the thought, intellectual structure, and worldview of its creator. Also, poetry, originating from the poet's emotions and feelings, is considered a mirror of his whole mental and spiritual aspect. Max Luscher's color psychology is an approach based on which the choice of colors helps to understand the human psyche. In this research, the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough, one of the contemporary poets of the romantic movement of Iran and Afghanistan, has been analyzed based on the mentioned theory. The quality and extent of the use of colors in their poems show that in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry, black color is the first choice, which expresses his inner conflicts, dissatisfaction, and disgust with the environment and his depression and isolation. But the frequent use of green next to black indicates his hope for changing the destiny and transformation of society. Khaleda Forough's first choice is green - a symbol of faith, freedom, and peace - and black next to it represents tyranny, suffocation, and social unrest. Examining these two poets' poetry notebooks indicates that calm and hopeful colors gradually replace dark colors. This shows their desire and hope for a better life and interest in creating suitable changes for the image pulling their emotions. In fact, by examining Luscher's applied colors in the poems of these two poets, we come to the conclusion that although Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough are both among rheumatic poets, Farrokhzad's poetry speaks of an individual self. He sees the society and the times against his will and himself as a captive who screams for liberation, but Khaleda Forough's poetry is a narration of the social ego and his cry is not his only cry, and his poems are a struggle and stand for freedom and peace in the light of faith.
Literature
zahra mohagheghian
Abstract
Investigating the relationship between gender and colonialism is one of the important and significant issues in critical studies of colonial discourse, knowing its quality and manner, in addition to helping to expand colonial studies, to recognize the broad dimensions of gender, especially the different ...
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Investigating the relationship between gender and colonialism is one of the important and significant issues in critical studies of colonial discourse, knowing its quality and manner, in addition to helping to expand colonial studies, to recognize the broad dimensions of gender, especially the different roles of women, at the same time A phenomenon like colonialism also helps. Sarah Mills is one of the contemporary literary feminists who, with a feminine and critical perspective, shows that women's texts play a role in the expansion and development of colonialism and can be active activists, contrary to the neglect of the colonialist current. Considering the poverty of Persian literature in this field, this article tries to take a look at Mills's theory and after reviewing its achievements, by analyzing one of the examples analyzed by him, to consider the various angles of this theory in a practical way. At the end, some of the strengths and weaknesses of this theory are discussed, with the hope that it will initiate new discussions among Persian speakers and women's rights activists. The findings of this research show that Mills is actually trying to take a step to get rid of external colonialism by decolonizing from within. Therefore, her effort is more than criticizing women, as a feminist, she wrote in the direction of valuing women's texts and proving the creativity of women in creating works of art.
At the end, some of the strengths and weaknesses of this theory are discussed, with the hope that it will initiate new discussions among Persian speakers and women's rights activists. The findings of this research show that Mills is actually trying to take a step to get rid of external colonialism by decolonizing from within. Therefore, her effort is more than criticizing women, as a feminist, she wrote in the direction of valuing women's texts and proving the creativity of women in creating works of art.
Art
Yaghoub Azhand; shahrokh amirian doost
Abstract
The Long Story of the Snake and the Man (1976--78) is a work by Simin Daneshvar, based on mythical narratives, sacred texts and religious narratives. The theoretical basis of this paper in the study and study of the intertextual contribution of the narrations mentioned in the construction and payment ...
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The Long Story of the Snake and the Man (1976--78) is a work by Simin Daneshvar, based on mythical narratives, sacred texts and religious narratives. The theoretical basis of this paper in the study and study of the intertextual contribution of the narrations mentioned in the construction and payment of that literary work is Laurent Genie's theoretical definition of the concept of intertextuality in the article "Strategy of Forms", in which he proposes in the difference between his conception of intertextuality (known as soft intertextuality) and the intertextuality of Yulia Christova (known as hard intertextuality); The intertextuality should be mentioned when elements beyond the lexical unit of the proto text can be retrieved in the new text. In other words, the relationship between the texts is more than lexical and formal relationships; genetically related the intertextual relationship of two texts with each other not with the vague and mysterious sum of the effects of one on the other, but with the degree of interconnection between the two texts and how one influences the other, and emphasizes the two types of intertextuality "strong" and "weak". In his view, when two texts communicate in at least two formal and thematic aspects, "strong intertextuality" is established, and when texts stop communicating on one of these two levels, "weak intertextuality" is established. The present study is a qualitative study in terms of type.The research data is provided from library sources. Data analysis is done by descriptive-analytical method. The essay thus explains the Marr and the man text from the perspective of the reader's perspective with the relationship of the application of female personality and intertextuality. The intertextuality should be mentioned when elements beyond the lexical unit of the proto text can be retrieved in the new text. In other words, the relationship between the texts is more than lexical and formal relationships; genetically related the intertextual relationship of two texts with each other not with the vague and mysterious sum of the effects of one on the other, but with the degree of interconnection between the two texts and how one influences the other.
Art
Tuba Mozafari nezhad; Esmaeil Najar
Abstract
The present research, with drawing from Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak's theories of "Subaltern Studies", conducts a comparative analysis of two plays: Nine Parts of Desire by Heather Raffo and Mastaneh, the History of the Forgotten by Naghmeh Samini. Spivak believes that comparative studies ...
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The present research, with drawing from Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak's theories of "Subaltern Studies", conducts a comparative analysis of two plays: Nine Parts of Desire by Heather Raffo and Mastaneh, the History of the Forgotten by Naghmeh Samini. Spivak believes that comparative studies in world literature, which today are mainly carried out in line with the logic of globalization in the capitalist era, under the domination of world powers, are not a true echo of the history and experiences of the people of that region. She believes that today, the field of literature, only is a tool to maintain the survival of Western powers, and when they intend to study others, they label them as "Third World" and look at them as an undeveloped "other". These criticisms increase when the western world deals with subordinate subjects, especially female gender, because they only present an appearance of the situation of women in the direction of their goals, which ultimately lead to a limited idealistic and essentialist policy. When representing subalterns, especially with the female gender, it only presents a shade of it, for the sake of its own goals, and reaches an idealistic and essentialist policy. But the subaltern subject, when she speaks and acts as a woman, knows that a growing and expanding gender is the best possible state for her. In the shadow of this game, it is unfortunate that another history of the oppressed, which has been neglected, should be revealed by the subjugated and marginalized people. In this research, by studying a selection of Spivak's theoretical works, namely Death of a Discipline (2003), "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1985) and "Rethinking Comparativism” (2009), it will be illustrated that the Subaltern can express herself and her pure experiences through literature without help, correction, and global powers. . . . .
Art
Abstract
With the entry of man into civil life, the development of social and cultural activities and the formation of religious beliefs, the body, clothes and cultures were formed. The management of the body and its relationship with the social and cultural realms (sociology of the body) defines man as a corporeal ...
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With the entry of man into civil life, the development of social and cultural activities and the formation of religious beliefs, the body, clothes and cultures were formed. The management of the body and its relationship with the social and cultural realms (sociology of the body) defines man as a corporeal agent. In other words, being in the world and human consciousness is determined by the body. Clothing is a symbolic arrangement and is influenced by social events that is placed on the body. With human socialization, his body is defined as a tool for social control and some bodily actions become important. Body management, in the sense of continuous monitoring and manipulation of appearance features, has a direct relationship with choosing the type of clothing. Question: What are the factors influencing the selection of women's social clothing, with Foucault's and Giddens' body management approach? The aim of the research is to know the factors of women's social dress selection for body display according to the body management approach. The research method is analytical, correlation and survey and information collection, library and field. The statistical population of 20 to 30-year-old Tehrani women and the sample number is 384 people, and the data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire using a simple random method. The findings showed that body management is variable in social structures. Sometimes the choice of social clothing is to match the thinking of others in the society and as a tool of power; Sometimes it is to achieve positive acceptances and in line with social activities. Based on the results obtained from the two-by-two correlation coefficients between the dimensions of factors affecting the choice of social clothing from the perspective of Foucault and Giddens among the women of Tehran, a significant value was obtained in all cases less than 0.05. Therefore, the existence of a two-by-two correlation between the social factors affecting the choice of women's social clothing was confirmed with the five factors in the opinions of Foucault and Giddens.
Art
الهه Panjehbashi; motahareh seifi
Abstract
In the second half of his rule, Shah Tahmasb Safavi took the path of extremism. In this regard, women, especially court women, stayed at home. Tahmasabi's Falnama (962-967 AH) was written in the same period and by his order. Ervin Panofsky (1892-1968) is one of the art history researchers who methodized ...
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In the second half of his rule, Shah Tahmasb Safavi took the path of extremism. In this regard, women, especially court women, stayed at home. Tahmasabi's Falnama (962-967 AH) was written in the same period and by his order. Ervin Panofsky (1892-1968) is one of the art history researchers who methodized iconology. He attributed three levels of meaning to the reading of the work of art, in which the researcher looks for the symbolic values of a society that the artist unconsciously reflects in his work. This research seeks to answer the question that according to Ervin Panofsky's opinion, what institutionalized belief about women is reflected in the painting of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise in Tahmasbi's Falnama?
The aim of the research is to find the roots of Shah Tahmasib's beliefs about the position of women and its reflection in the painting of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from heaven in Tahmasbi's Falnama.
The research is conducted in a qualitative and comparative-analytical manner and its purpose is fundamental. The method of collecting materials has been done in a library style and with an iconological approach. A statistical example is the painting of the expulsion of Adam and Eve from heaven in Tahmasabi's Falnama. Conclusion: The image is influenced by the Qur'an, but there are elements in the image (Adam's reproachful state towards Eve, peacock, snake-dragon) that are not found in the Qur'an. So, the artist was inspired by other texts that were taken from ancient sources. It seems that the root of women's restrictions in this period can be seen as extreme beliefs that come from ancient metamorphoses such as the war between male and female gender
s, Eve's committing the first sin and blaming the female gender; Therefore, the painting is a document that reflects these beliefs about women in the patriarchal society of Shah Tahmasab's era.
Literature
Sayad Panahi; Hamid Valizadeh; mahin hajizadeh
Abstract
Today, feminist ideas and images are a suitable tool for checking the feminist level of the work, its author and the extent to which it has a feminist structure. In the meantime, the theory of the four dimensions of "Elaine Showalter", the famous American artist of the 20th century, including ...
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Today, feminist ideas and images are a suitable tool for checking the feminist level of the work, its author and the extent to which it has a feminist structure. In the meantime, the theory of the four dimensions of "Elaine Showalter", the famous American artist of the 20th century, including the biological, cultural, psychoanalytical and linguistic approaches, provides this opportunity for women's criticism of the work, and by relying on it, the position of women can be In the literary works of female writers and male writers, recognition. Therefore, the present research has tried to select a novel by by Ahlam Mostaghanami titled an Algerian female writer entitled " Body memory " and a novel by an Iranian female writer Nasim Marashi entitled " prune " for criticism of women's writing and based on the linguistic dimension of Elaine Showalter's four dimensions. to discuss in order to get a clearer picture of the situation of women and their ideas and idealsconclusion. Considering Elaine Showalter's theory, it can be said that both novels are in the stage of feminism. In addition to this tradition, signs of the feminine stage can also be seen in those two; Therefore, due to the fact that the novels in question belong to the feminist and feminine writing tradition, they have significantly the characteristics of female criticism. In terms of the use of linguistic components, for example, the word hey related to colors and its abundant and combined use, as the main component of women, it has occupied the most place in both works. However, regarding the vocabulary related to women, this component has a lower frequency in both works. Detail and short sentences are widely used in both works. This linguistic component has been used explicitly and repeatedly with less interference from culture and the transfigured minds of village characters from the heart of culture.
Art
Maryam Nikravesh; Abbas Namjoo
Abstract
Women's clothing has gone through many changes as a social phenomenon after the Islamic revolution. and the street style of everyday clothing has also diversified. Considering that the artistic type is one of the common styles of clothing in recent decades and one of the subcultures that make up ...
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Women's clothing has gone through many changes as a social phenomenon after the Islamic revolution. and the street style of everyday clothing has also diversified. Considering that the artistic type is one of the common styles of clothing in recent decades and one of the subcultures that make up the Iranian culture, The present research has been conducted with the aim of understanding the artsy fashion style in the clothing tendencies of girls and women in Tehran. It aims to answer the proportion of women and girls' tendency towards artistic type clothing and the factors influencing it The sample size 123 was selected from both artistic and of artistic groups. Data collection was conducted using a researcher-designed questionnaire. Data analysis was done by SPS software.
The findings show that there is a relationship between the field of study and artistic jobs in the tendency towards the artistic type. The findings show that there is a relationship between the field of study and artistic jobs in the tendency towards the artistic type. The research findings indicate that there is a correlation between
, a significant connection has been found between diversity and freedom in design and color, accessories, the appeal of combining traditional, modern, and handcrafted patterns, creativity, and boldness in the tendency of artistic fashion style clothing.
The research findings indicate that there is a correlation between the establishment of venues like cultural centers and art institute, the rise of university-affiliated and non-university-affiliated artists, , Rethinking women's identity in Iranian society, social transformations, Expansion of advertisements on social network , and the Formation and inclination towards artistic fashion style.
The results show that artistic type is more abundant among artists. Family origin has no effect on this type of style. The grouping of non-artistic fields and occupations showed that the artistic type as one of the special subculture styles has an influence on other members of the society. Due to the diversity and wide range of designs, colors, and models, the artistic type showed the greatest influence in the development of the artistic type.
Art
Seyede Fereshteh Ehsani Oskouei; Jamal- E-Din Mahdinejad
Abstract
With women's increased presence at home, they are disproportionately affected by unfavorable living conditions. This situation makes it essential to consider their lifestyle, needs, and preferences when designing housing. This study employed an exploratory approach, using qualitative research methods ...
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With women's increased presence at home, they are disproportionately affected by unfavorable living conditions. This situation makes it essential to consider their lifestyle, needs, and preferences when designing housing. This study employed an exploratory approach, using qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews and observations to collect data. The sample consisted of twenty purposefully selected women aged 20 to 40 residing in Tehran province. The data collected from interviews was coded using MAX QDA software, resulting in the identification of key themes and patterns. Besides that, behavior-oriented and spatial-oriented diagrams were drawn based on field observations of residential units. The findings highlight the pivotal role of rooms within residential spaces in women's lives, and it revealed that the contemporary social, economic, and cultural conditions of Iran have shaped a distinct lifestyle among women in this age, significantly impacting their housing preferences. Key design components for rooms in residential apartment units, based on the perspectives of young women, include perceived environmental characteristics such as “efficiency and functionality, beauty and order, privacy, flexibility and adaptability, cleanliness, and hygiene”. Additionally, physical attributes such as “the number of closets and storage spaces, lighting, room size and its other proportions, spatial configuration, noise pollution, interior furniture and its arrangement, texture, and color of materials, window views and their exposure, ventilation conditions, heating and cooling, the number of bedrooms, and form and geometry “.To accommodate the lifestyle of young women, it is important to consider suitable spaces for sleeping, working, and leisure, as well as ensuring personal solitude and incorporating individual tastes and cultural sensitivities in room design. These findings have practical implications for architects, interior designers, and developers involved in housing design. By incorporating the identified design components, housing can be tailored to meet the multifaceted requirements of young women, promoting their comfort and satisfaction.
Literature
Ayoob Moradi; mansoureh shahriyari
Abstract
Shohalter's approach, known for its critique of the current state and tradition of women's writing, provides a platform for examining women's literature through the lens of gender differences. Shohalter analyzes literary content and structure by considering biological, linguistic, psychological, and ...
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Shohalter's approach, known for its critique of the current state and tradition of women's writing, provides a platform for examining women's literature through the lens of gender differences. Shohalter analyzes literary content and structure by considering biological, linguistic, psychological, and cultural factors. The protagonist of this story is a lonely woman who is unjustly driven away from her home due to false accusations by her husband and becomes a wanderer in Tehran. In the novel, male characters, collectively or individually, play a role in the protagonist's tragic fate, while female characters, despite their futile efforts, strive to support her. The author creates an imaginary place called "Goran" to depict the historical oppression of women by a male-dominated culture. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of Iranian women's writing in the novel "Peyadeh" using Shohalter's fourfold approach through a descriptive-analytical method. The results demonstrate that topics such as pregnancy and childbirth, relationships with men, maternal attributes, and connections among women can be examined from a biological, psychological, and linguistic perspective based on Shohalter's framework. Furthermore, a notable stylistic feature of the text is its unique blend of native Iranian narrative style, combining third-person and first-person perspectives with the utilization of emotional sentences, reminiscent of storytelling among Iranian women
Art
ameneh mafitabar
Abstract
The art of the first Qajar period is tied to FathAli Shah's name, while the achievements of the second period are accredited to NaserAddin Shah. The main aim of this study is to compare the style of make-up, clothing, jewelry, and body portrayals of women in six Qajar Muraqqas. So, the question ...
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The art of the first Qajar period is tied to FathAli Shah's name, while the achievements of the second period are accredited to NaserAddin Shah. The main aim of this study is to compare the style of make-up, clothing, jewelry, and body portrayals of women in six Qajar Muraqqas. So, the question is: How does comparing the style of make-up, clothing, jewelry, and body portrayals of women in six Qajar Muraqqas can elucidate the similarities and differences of women's portrayal in the two historical periods of Qajar?The current qualitative research studies the Qajar art with a historical approach, in an analytical and comparative method. Thus, this developmental research achieved its goal by collecting data in the form of documents and using note-taking and picture-reading methods. The findings demonstrate that Qajar Muraqqa-making represents the artistic characteristics of court portraiture in the common artistic style of the first period of Qajar's reign. In the second period, it emphasizes the features of court painting. In response to the question of the study: The portrayal style of women in the first period emphasizes the ornamental items. The features are observably expressed via slim bodies and additional cosmetic items. The clothes are made of expensive materials and there can be seen accessories such as fans and tambourines in their hands. Meanwhile, despite court portraiture, the background is pictured negligently and simplistically incomplete. In the Muraqqas of the second period, the portrayal style of women is more realistic and their body is more natural. The ornamental styles and flamboyant expensive jeweleries are avoided and even women are pictured in their outdoor attire. Women's clothing style, changes according to the fashion of the era. But the background is still out of details so that, like graphic Muraqqas of the first period, the viewer has to imagine a vague place indoors or outdoors
Historic
Javad Nazarimoghaddam
Abstract
Changing the clothes and removing the hijab from Iranian women is one of the most important and challenging cultural and social measures in the first Pahlavi period, which was carried out with the aim of modernizing Iranian society and realizing the western development model. The disproportion of the ...
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Changing the clothes and removing the hijab from Iranian women is one of the most important and challenging cultural and social measures in the first Pahlavi period, which was carried out with the aim of modernizing Iranian society and realizing the western development model. The disproportion of the veil removal law with the requirements and national and religious values of the Iranian society and its imposition by the government on the people with the aim of removing the veil, led to widespread opposition from various social groups. The study of this part of the contemporary history of Iran provides a clear picture of the cultural policies of the Pahlavi period and how the Iranian society faced it. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate how the people of Gilan faced the veil removal law by adopting a descriptive and analytical approach and using documents related to the period of veil removal in the Pahlavi period. The findings of this research, while not confirming the results of previous studies regarding the lack of significant resistance of the people of Gilan against the veil removal law, show that the necessary ground and platform for the acceptance of veiling in Gilan as in other regions of Iran is not available and the people of Gilan They have shown resistance against this action that is incompatible with the culture and identity of the Iranian society. show that the necessary ground and platform for the acceptance of veiling in Gilan as in other regions of Iran is not available and the people of Gilan They have shown resistance against this action that is incompatible with the culture and identity of the Iranian society.
Changing the clothes and removing the hijab from Iranian women is one of the most important and challenging cultural and social measures in the first Pahlavi period, which was carried out with the aim of modernizing Iranian society and realizing the western development model.
Sociology
Halimeh Enayat; Marzieh Askari
Abstract
Abstarct
Art is an essential part of the culture of a society and artworks can represent the cultural, social, political and economic status of the society through their themes. The material for analysis in this research is the text of the drama "Drought and Lie" written by Mohammad Yaghoubi ...
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Abstarct
Art is an essential part of the culture of a society and artworks can represent the cultural, social, political and economic status of the society through their themes. The material for analysis in this research is the text of the drama "Drought and Lie" written by Mohammad Yaghoubi in the 1380s. The purpose of this research is to study the concept of gender in the mentioned text to recognize that, in which discourses this concept is produced or reproduced with considering the social conditions of the society of Iran in the 1380s. Accordingly, to achieve this purpose, gender-related theories have been cited from the biological, cultural, and discourse aspects. In the research methodology section, among the various approaches of critical discourse analysis, Ruth Wodak's discourse-historical approach has been chosen, due to, it considers the historical-social backgrounds of the texts for analysis. By exploiting the historical-social horizons of the 1380s and analyzing the text of the drama by using the Wodak's fivefold strategies for studing the linguistic aspects of words, phrases and key contents of the text, the result of the research shows that in the drama "Drought and Lie", the definition of gender and gender roles is presented in a state, among the traditional official dominant discourse and the modern discourse (as the rival discourse), which was established in 1380s. The final conclusion discusses that, the author of drama "Drought and Lie" has been successful to represent the position of Iran's transitional society towards modernity in the 1380s and the consequences of the cultural changes in the private sphere of family and marital relations. The contradictional and incompatible perspectives of his characters about the notion of gender, refer to different discourse orders of 1380s, that are competing to gain the cultural hegemony in the society. It is noteworthy to point out that the characters of this drama, portray the identified contradictios of culture of this historical era, so well through their speeches and behaviors.
Literature
Hamida dehghanih; Arman Hedari; Reza Rezaei
Abstract
Women are one of the most important demographic subgroups in any society, which have been the subject and focus of studies many times, along with other groups, due to their specific gender-social, economic and cultural situations. There is no doubt that scientific studies are conducted with the aim of ...
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Women are one of the most important demographic subgroups in any society, which have been the subject and focus of studies many times, along with other groups, due to their specific gender-social, economic and cultural situations. There is no doubt that scientific studies are conducted with the aim of unraveling, analyzing and providing solutions for the problems of different groups.but Despite the fact that so far many studies have been conducted about women and their life dimensions, women's relationships and interactions are the most important aspect of their lived experience, which is still in an aura of ambiguity, a kind of confusion and indecision. Since the wide range of novels have the potential to match the reader with their characters, situations and relationships; They are one of the important origins that can be seen and the symbols of women's interactions and relationships can be searched in them. Therefore, the present study analyzes the representation of women's interactions and relationships in selected novels of the first Pahlavi period (Mohammed Hijazi's trilogy) with a sociological perspective and using the social semiotics approach of Kress and VanLeon. Analyzing data in a thematic way, the "sentence" unit of analysis, and applying and using the background of the research, has been the validation method of the current research. To confirm the themes and topics, consultation with experts has been on the agenda. The findings of the research are reported in the three dimensions of representational, interactive and hybrid roles, according to which, the women of Hijazi stories are placed in mainly binary categories around the superior signification of "religion, tradition and modernity". Following this, women's relationships and interactions are also classified into weak/strong, official/informal, active/passive, superior and inferior categories, and women are placed in each of these categories based on their assigned positions and positions. Therefore, we cannot and should not draw a general pattern of communication for all the women in the story.
Art
Farhad Karvan
Abstract
The design process in architecture is one of the curricula of the field of architecture that is taught at different educational levels. For optimal educational planning, it is necessary to identify the variables related to it. Among the variables related to the design process and method are the epistemological ...
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The design process in architecture is one of the curricula of the field of architecture that is taught at different educational levels. For optimal educational planning, it is necessary to identify the variables related to it. Among the variables related to the design process and method are the epistemological beliefs and cognitive load of the learners. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the relationship between scientific epistemological and cognitive load with ideation in the design process of architecture students. The research method is a combination of quantitative (descriptive-correlation) and qualitative (analyzing samples of students' Sketches). Its statistical population included all architecture girl students in Hamadan universities. The desired sample of 120 people was selected in an accessible way. Scientific epistemology, cognitive load and idea evaluation scale questionnaires were used in the design. The research data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, skewness and skewness statistics) and inferential statistics (Pearson's correlation and path analysis with the calculation of its defaults). The results of the research showed that there is a relationship between the beliefs of scientific epistemology and cognitive load with ideation in the design process of architecture students and it has provided a framework for recognizing and explaining the theoretical relationships between the components of scientific epistemological beliefs, cognitive burdens and the idea of Sketches. The learning process in architectural design and cartography courses includes the stages of analytical comprehension, critical thinking, and creative processing, so scientific epistemological belief and cognitive balance or cognitive load are good explanations and predictors for ideas in students. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested to pay attention to the reduction of Intrinsic and Extraneous cognitive load in planning the education of architecture students, as well as Germane cognitive processing so that they can make better progress in the field of design. The development of scientific epistemological beliefs is also recommended for generating and analyzing ideas.
cultural
Yahya bouzarinejad; Mahdi Yazdani
Abstract
Qasim Amin was one of the Egyptian intellectuals, with his two books, he started many social changes in Egypt, which spread out among other Islamic countries as well. some of his opinions were about the position of women in society and thier hijab, which at first was raised in sympathy with Islam, but ...
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Qasim Amin was one of the Egyptian intellectuals, with his two books, he started many social changes in Egypt, which spread out among other Islamic countries as well. some of his opinions were about the position of women in society and thier hijab, which at first was raised in sympathy with Islam, but after a while he raised his personal opinions that were not in harmony with Islam. He considers the hijab of eastern women as the cause of regression in eastern countries, and the lack of hijab of the western women as the source of progress in western countries. He also believes that the lust of men is stimulated and increased as a result of the hijab by women. same as communism, he believed that there are four historical periods for women, and when a woman reaches the fourth period, she has reached complete freedom. He believed that using the hijab is imprisoning women and considered the hijab only for the Prophet's women. He also believed that hijab is a result of interaction between Islamic countries and thier neighbor countries. These raised topics are just some of Amin's beliefs about hijab, which he expressed in his two famous books, Tahrir al-Mur'a and al-Mur'a al-Jadidah. in this article we compare all of Amin's views about the hijab with Morteza Motahari's views, and based on Morteza Motahari's comments, he will been given appropriate answers. The influence of western modernity and the place that westerners had portrayed for women is obvious on Amin. the general direction of Amin's works is gender development and he emphasizes on women's education and considers women's freedom as approaching western civilization. he examines the hijab from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, but in the end reachs to his personal opinions about the hijab and seekes complete freedom from the hijab.
Literature
Somayeh alsadat Tabatabaei
Abstract
Abstract
Shahrzad in Arabic Nights is not the only one who tells stories to escape from death; "Bondwoman" also clings to the thread of the story to escape from it. In competition with seven ministers, she tells stories about men's tricks and "Fountain of Magic" is one of them. ...
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Abstract
Shahrzad in Arabic Nights is not the only one who tells stories to escape from death; "Bondwoman" also clings to the thread of the story to escape from it. In competition with seven ministers, she tells stories about men's tricks and "Fountain of Magic" is one of them. Although this story is told in the language of a bondwoman and in defense of women, but in that "being a woman" is the worst calamity that can befall a man. Therefore, Egyptian feminist critics in the book: "(female) narrator said; Women's stories inspired by popular Arabic folktales", have emphasized it and tried to recreate it from a woman-centered point of view. "The story of Fahd in women world" and "The Fountain of life" are the results of this effort. We have used two approaches to read these women's narratives: Tzvetan Todorov's structuralist approach and feminist analysis. This choice has two reasons: First, the feminist analysis shows why the mentioned story is anti-feminist and it needs a feminine rewrite. It also clarifies how the feminist critics in their newly created narratives have erased the anti-feminist strains from "Fountain of Magic". Second, in the structural analysis of the narrative, we are going to to find out can such a reading help in receiving the anti-feminist strains of a text or understanding the female perspective in another text? The application of Todorov's poetic in its syntactic layer shows that all three narratives; the narrative of Arabic Nights and the woman's retellings, have a similar structure that fits into Todorov's model. But this approach fails to reveal and evaluate those layers of the text that are important for feminist critics. The application of Todorov's poetic in its syntactic layer shows that all three narratives; the narrative of Arabic Nights and the woman's retellings, have a similar structure that fits into Todorov's model. But this approach fails to reveal and evaluate those layers of the text that are important for feminist critics.
