Literature
mohsen seifi; samaneh dehghani; ali najafi ivaki
Abstract
Feminist criticism highlights women and their position in society. Alati Ta’ud al Salalim (She who counts the stairs) is a novel written by Huda Hamed, an Omani writer. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women’s position in society and addresses concepts like social class inequality ...
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Feminist criticism highlights women and their position in society. Alati Ta’ud al Salalim (She who counts the stairs) is a novel written by Huda Hamed, an Omani writer. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women’s position in society and addresses concepts like social class inequality among women, their cultural challenges, and male dominance. The present study aims to investigate this novel based on four models of gynocriticism proposed by Elaine Showalter, including biological, linguistics, psychoanalytic, and cultural models.. Using prominent linguistic features such as vocabulary and Arabic dialect in reflecting women’s issues and their cultural challenges like women trafficking and physical abuse in her work, Hamed has created an impressive and informative work. The results of the study revealed that she has succeeded in identifying women considering women’s social and cultural issues. Moreover, the high frequency of the components of Showalter’s model in the novel under study confirms its feministic nature. The women’s cultural aspect is so highlighted in its narrative that the fundamental and deep cultural concerns are mentioned in the shadow of the biological and psychoanalytic issues. This research seeks to answer this question: “how does the writer reflect women’s components in her novel?” She has raised issues like delivery, female circumcision, and pregnancy, considering the biological model. In terms of the psychoanalytic model, she has mentioned obsessions, compulsions, sleep, and bipolarity. Using prominent linguistic features such as vocabulary and Arabic dialect in reflecting women’s issues and their cultural challenges like women trafficking and physical abuse in her work, Hamed has created an impressive and informative work. The results of the study revealed that she has succeeded in identifying women considering women’s social and cultural issues. Moreover, the high frequency of the components of Showalter’s model in the novel under study confirms its feministic nature. The women’s cultural aspect is so highlighted in its narrative that the fundamental and deep cultural concerns are mentioned in the shadow of the biological and psychoanalytic issues.
Literature
Ali Akbar Mohseni; Hoda Rezaei
Abstract
Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering ...
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Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering by examining the short story of "Jannat al-Bajja" by Ghada Al-Saman based on the most important principles of cultural criticism in the field of gender and challenging the dominant patriarchal discourse using descriptive-analytical method. Women in the family as an obedient and passive identity in a people-oriented environment, show the transformation of these women and the recovery of their independent identity in an equal environment in the context of their story. The most important area criticized by Al-Saman is the popular culture of Arab societies, which has failed to adapt to the principles of the contemporary modernist movement. Explaining that Al-Saman also depicts the pathology of gender stereotypes in men and also shows the extent of cultural error about men as the upper class of patriarchal society. Criticism of gender inequalities, the harms of the patriarchal system, women's self-destruction in an unequal gender environment, the conflict between the principles of tradition and modernity, and the reduction of women to sexual identity are some of the most important issues that Al-Saman highlights in his stories.
Reza Pishghadam; Ali Derakhshan; Azam Jannati Ataei
Abstract
The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language ...
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The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language of a speech community to get significant information about its culture. Conceptualization of an overarching field of study can postulate how the realizations of cultuling (culture in language) can be entrenched in a language. Thus, the aim of this present study is to investigate the “patriarchy” and “matriarchy” cultulings in Persian movies from the viewpoint of Hymes’ (1967) SPEAKING model. This is a qualitative research to demonstrate Iranian culture and find the covert reasons of using the cultuling of “patriarchy” and “matriarchy”. To this end, the total 100 Persian movies from two decades of 1980s and 2010s were investigated based on the 500 extracted language expressions for each decade. The most recurrent cases of cultuling of “patriarchy” encompass signs of threatening, pride, anger, domination, order, sarcasm, wiggery, ridicule and contempt for the movies in 1980s. In contrast, the cultuling of “matriarchy” was delineated through decision-making, scolding, humiliating, wisecracking, attracting, complaining, showing anger, showing oppressed, pride, and ignoring for the movies in 2010s. The findings revealed that the patriarchy role is less dominant from 1980 to 2020. In fact, the patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy these days. This can be concluded that the frameworks have some implications for learners, teachers, and educationists who are interested in the culturology, cultuling, and cultural studies.
Literature
Masoumeh Nemati Ghazvini
Abstract
Patriarchy is a term for a system or structure that has women under its control through social, political, and economic institutions. Patriarchy is also a subset of patriarchal system that its main aim is domination over women and their subjugation. Since many Arab critics and intellectuals have some ...
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Patriarchy is a term for a system or structure that has women under its control through social, political, and economic institutions. Patriarchy is also a subset of patriarchal system that its main aim is domination over women and their subjugation. Since many Arab critics and intellectuals have some reasons for women problems and backwardness in the domination of patriarchal system, they also consider their development and liberation in fighting with this system. Accordingly, along with the start of awakening movements in Arab world, women’s libertarian movements were also formed by a struggle with patriarchal system among their objectives. Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, the Egyptian writer, politician, journalist, and jurist is one of the pioneers of this field in Egypt. A part of his works is dedicated to present women’s problems and issues and the criticism of patriarchal system in Egypt. Among these works are his short story collection titled “Gosas Mesriat” in which many of women’s issues in Egypt in the years following World War II is portrayed. The applied analyses in this collection indicate patriarchal culture as the most important discourse criticized by Heikal. It can be studied in three individual, familial, and social fields.
Literature
Reza Satari; Hossein Hasanpour Alashti; Marzyeh Haqiqi
Abstract
Banugoshasb-nameh is a national epic poem written in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh about Banugoshasb's life and courage, daughter of Rostam. The poem, the only epic in Persian literature is the central story of a heroic woman. Most researchers, who have studied this poem, have focused on the presence ...
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Banugoshasb-nameh is a national epic poem written in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh about Banugoshasb's life and courage, daughter of Rostam. The poem, the only epic in Persian literature is the central story of a heroic woman. Most researchers, who have studied this poem, have focused on the presence of Banugushasb in the context of epic and her heroism. They sometimes related her achievements to the effects left by the period of Matriarchy and mythological warrior goddesses while showing less interest in the psychological background of the champion women's actions. This research addresses a study of mythological and psychological background and heroic deeds of Banugoshasb character in the epic poem Banugshsb-nameh. The findings show that although signs of Matriarchy and feminist can be seen in this poem, this marks the dominance of patriarchal culture, and patriarchy replaces matriarchy. In the second part of this paper, the issue is analyzed from viewpoint of Jung’s analytical psychology. According to this view, heroic and masculine behavior of Banugoshasp cannot be considered as feminist, but it should be attributed to effects of archetype animus (masculine psyche in women) that has been institutionalized through Banugoshasp life among the top heroes of epic and influenced by their behavior.
majid movahed; Mohammad Javad Askari Chavardi; zahra yadali
Abstract
Proverbs are short statements which have deep concepts and arise from the social forms and perceptions that provide social situation and orientation. This study seeks to examine the image of women and their issues among local proverbs of Lamerd city in Fars province. Female related proverbs have been ...
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Proverbs are short statements which have deep concepts and arise from the social forms and perceptions that provide social situation and orientation. This study seeks to examine the image of women and their issues among local proverbs of Lamerd city in Fars province. Female related proverbs have been compiled and trough qualitative content analysis method analyzed. The results show that no social or professional role are considered for women in this society and proverbs are just related to the different personalities of women’s roles within the family as a mother or a wife and these roles are formed based on male chauvinism in the city.
Seyed Maysam Motahari; Masoud Delkhah
Abstract
Although the status of women in dramatic literature of resistance has always been criticized by critics and researchers of theatre in our Country, there has been no change in the authors’ approach or their policy making. It seems that despite diagnosing the problem researchers and writers feel uncertain ...
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Although the status of women in dramatic literature of resistance has always been criticized by critics and researchers of theatre in our Country, there has been no change in the authors’ approach or their policy making. It seems that despite diagnosing the problem researchers and writers feel uncertain in how to tackle the problem and change the conditions. The main reason is the lack of knowledge about the nature of patriarchy that imposes its unwritten and unchangeable rules on dramatic literature in the form of unattainable tablets.
This article seeks to find out the patriarchy rules governing the dramatic literature of resistance, and to prove them for detailed explanation of the subject with focusing on seven specified plays named: Gabriel’s Wings Song(Tashakkori,2005/A) Beyond My Dreams(Arian¬far,2005) The Guest of Sleep Land(Yasrebi,2000) Zookh(Ashrafnejhad,1988) Repeat(Khanian,2005) Azar (Pourrezaian,2008) From Acacia(Tashakkori, 2005). Getting out of the unwritten state and clearly expressing the stated rules play a major role in violating them and transition from the previous status.
In this structuralist research, through descriptive analysis method, beside the study of women’s image in the resistance plays, the patriarchal rules and similar cases were extracted for reasoning and were arranged under each rule as facts. This paper tries to collect the patriarchal rules governing dramatic literature of resistance and to express the main and applicable methods for violating these rules. This research can influence the expression of current women’s situation in dramatic literature clearly and away from any generalization.
