Literature
kowsar ahsanmoghaddam; Abdollah Radmard; maryam salehi nia
Abstract
Metaphor as a symbolic and indirect language carries added and hidden meanings. Traces of gender metaphors and stereotypes can also be traced in interpretive narratives. In this research, the interpretive stories of three Persian interpretations of Rouz al- Jannan , Jala al- Azhan and Manhaj al- Sadeghin ...
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Metaphor as a symbolic and indirect language carries added and hidden meanings. Traces of gender metaphors and stereotypes can also be traced in interpretive narratives. In this research, the interpretive stories of three Persian interpretations of Rouz al- Jannan , Jala al- Azhan and Manhaj al- Sadeghin are the basis of the work. In this article, narratives that have used gender metaphors or whose content is reminiscent of gender metaphors have been selected, and then, using the qualitative content analysis method, the value of these metaphors and their relationship with gender stereotypes have been examined. Metaphors such as "the bride of the Qur'an"; "Kaab's woman"; "bed"; "Biot"; "Atbah" and "Denya" are examples of gender metaphors in these narratives, which some of them have a positive value and some others have a negative value. The most important results of this research are that most of the negative metaphors about women are formed around the role of a woman as a wife or sexual partner and emphasizing her physical aspect. These metaphors are influenced by common gender stereotypes that have a negative value . On the opposite point, most of the positive metaphors are formed around the role of mother and qualities such as kindness, creativity, originality and beginning in the role of mother . Also, this research shows that the female body is represented in two aspects: "heavenly body" and "infernal body" that the female heavenly body is a symbol of complete pleasure and benefit, and the female infernal body is a symbol of deception, sin, representation of Satan and adultery . Despite Sharia's efforts to disapprobation misogynistic attitudes, the prevalence of gender metaphors about women in different historical periods has not been significantly different among commentators and these commentators have shown their gendered attitudes consciously or unconsciously during the narratives.
Literature
نرجس ghabeli; alireza asadi; ali soltani
Abstract
As a cultural product, the novel represents a society with various discourses. Each of these discourses, with their own configurations, are constantly trying to find their ideal to make their meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis ...
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As a cultural product, the novel represents a society with various discourses. Each of these discourses, with their own configurations, are constantly trying to find their ideal to make their meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis on the theory of "Laclau "and "Mouffe" in the two novels "This street has no speed bumps" and "Rahesh". Based on this, the main issue in the current research is how "gender" is represented in these novels.Also, how gender thoughts have been reflected through the author's mentality in writing the novel and what is the author's point of view towards them. In terms of methodology, the upcoming research is considered a descriptive and qualitative research, which data collection is done by library method. According to this method, the analysis of the novel includes three levels: textual analysis, intertextual analysis and contextual analysis. Textual analysis is dedicated to the semiotics of the novel's characters and finding the discourse order of the novel; In intertextual analysis, each novel is compared with novels of the same period, and in contextual analysis, the relationship of the novel with the larger social space is examined.Finally, the analysis of the propositions revealed that the main concern and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main characters and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main characters of the novels are in the conflict between the biological construction of gender and its social construction at all stages.
Literature
Shafiullah Salik; Mahsa Rone
Abstract
Color is considered one of the personality measurement criteria in modern psychology; because each color has a special effect on the mind and body of the viewer and represents his mental state. And every literary work also consciously or unconsciously expresses the thought, intellectual structure, and ...
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Color is considered one of the personality measurement criteria in modern psychology; because each color has a special effect on the mind and body of the viewer and represents his mental state. And every literary work also consciously or unconsciously expresses the thought, intellectual structure, and worldview of its creator. Also, poetry, originating from the poet's emotions and feelings, is considered a mirror of his whole mental and spiritual aspect. Max Luscher's color psychology is an approach based on which the choice of colors helps to understand the human psyche. In this research, the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough, one of the contemporary poets of the romantic movement of Iran and Afghanistan, has been analyzed based on the mentioned theory. The quality and extent of the use of colors in their poems show that in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry, black color is the first choice, which expresses his inner conflicts, dissatisfaction, and disgust with the environment and his depression and isolation. But the frequent use of green next to black indicates his hope for changing the destiny and transformation of society. Khaleda Forough's first choice is green - a symbol of faith, freedom, and peace - and black next to it represents tyranny, suffocation, and social unrest. Examining these two poets' poetry notebooks indicates that calm and hopeful colors gradually replace dark colors. This shows their desire and hope for a better life and interest in creating suitable changes for the image pulling their emotions. In fact, by examining Luscher's applied colors in the poems of these two poets, we come to the conclusion that although Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough are both among rheumatic poets, Farrokhzad's poetry speaks of an individual self. He sees the society and the times against his will and himself as a captive who screams for liberation, but Khaleda Forough's poetry is a narration of the social ego and his cry is not his only cry, and his poems are a struggle and stand for freedom and peace in the light of faith.
Literature
Arwa Assi; mahsa rone
Abstract
Feminist criticism is concerned with women's issues and the ideas regarding women in a text. As an approach to the differences between speech and texts of men and women, female writing is a valuable theory in feminist literary criticism. By drawing on a descriptive and analytical methodology, the present ...
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Feminist criticism is concerned with women's issues and the ideas regarding women in a text. As an approach to the differences between speech and texts of men and women, female writing is a valuable theory in feminist literary criticism. By drawing on a descriptive and analytical methodology, the present study analyzes the language and content of two women's journals in the Constitutional era, i.e., Danesh (“knowledge”) and Shokoufeh (“bloom”), using a "feminine writing" feminist approach and based on the perspectives of linguists such as Mills and Lakoff. Linguistic and content analysis of these magazines suggest that although the prose of female journalists in the earliest women's journals is void of heavy feminist connotations, the syntax contains many components of feminine writing style, such as high frequency of vague words, swearing on divine authority, use of intensifiers and adverbs expressing doubts, feminine emotional phrases in vocabulary, utilizing short sentences, relative and independent clauses, use of unfinished sentences, and questions. Thematically, too, female journalists discussed subjects different from those reflected in men's journals, like the imperative of female literacy, female health care, and hygiene, respecting their choice of spouse, revising men's conduct in interacting with them in the household and community, and comparing the conditions of Iranian women with women in advanced countries, to advance their social and individual demands.
Literature
Mahshad Shahbazi; Mahbood Fazeli; Maryam Hoseini
Abstract
According to the theory of renowned American feminist critic, Ellen Showalter, in the study of any sub-culture, including women’s literary sub-culture, we witness the process of three main stages of imitation, protest, and self-awareness in the works of Iranian women novelists. To describe this ...
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According to the theory of renowned American feminist critic, Ellen Showalter, in the study of any sub-culture, including women’s literary sub-culture, we witness the process of three main stages of imitation, protest, and self-awareness in the works of Iranian women novelists. To describe this process, Showalter developed three stages of transformation as Feminine stage, Feminist stage, and Female stage. As Feminine, the women novelist imitates overwhelming male traditions and patterns. As Feminist, the women novelist protests rooted values and measures in literature. As Female, the women novelist returns to herself to discover personal identity and self-awareness. The present study has extensively reviewed thirty three novels of Iranian women novelist in the last half century from 1960 to 2010. This study, with an eye on Showalter’s feminist theory considers transformation process of self-awareness in female writers of Iran and defines its evolution through the predetermined stages. As the result of present study, it was logically evident to claim that Showalter’s model comprehensively applies to the Iranian female literary subculture. Nevertheless, it must be noted that evolution from second to third stage was not broadly evident and only happened in the work of Shahrnush Parsipur titled “Blue Logos”. We may also need to study more works of Iranian women novelist to search for the third stage enhancements.
Literature
Maryam Esmaelipoor; Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi; Farzad Ghaemi; Shahdokht Toomari
Abstract
Pinkola Estes has outlined the pattern of creative life based on the stories of "Crying Woman, the Girl of Matching Games, and the Three Things of Gold", and in these stories he has examined various aspects of the hero's creative behavior. Accordingly, the current study analyzes two groups of Iranian ...
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Pinkola Estes has outlined the pattern of creative life based on the stories of "Crying Woman, the Girl of Matching Games, and the Three Things of Gold", and in these stories he has examined various aspects of the hero's creative behavior. Accordingly, the current study analyzes two groups of Iranian legends in which the heroine is creative. Based on the obtained results, in these two groups of Iranian legends, the last women, who are generally the third, fortieth and hundredth women, are seeking innovation in life and they should be called a wild woman. In Iranian legends, their journey is as follows: Man: Infecting life; marrying the last woman; making statues and dolls and talking with lights; and happy life. Moreover, the action of first women is similar to Persephone (passive and conditional) and the action of last women is similar to Artemis (rival, protestor and seeker), respectively, as they are fighting to change the conditions and ultimately create a new life.
Literature
Nasrin Faghih Malek Marzban; Fereshteh Miladi
Abstract
In addition to the historical and social significance of Tarikh-e Jahangosha written by Joveyni, the text is notable in terms of discourse analysis. In the discourse of war, as the hegemonic discourse of the text, one of the distinctive discourses should be studied according to social presence of women. ...
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In addition to the historical and social significance of Tarikh-e Jahangosha written by Joveyni, the text is notable in terms of discourse analysis. In the discourse of war, as the hegemonic discourse of the text, one of the distinctive discourses should be studied according to social presence of women. On the one hand, gender equality in Mongolian culture, and from the other hand the Iranian-Islamic identity of Iranian women have created a bipolar discourse, showing Iranian women as ineffective slaves, while Mongolian women, as champions equal to men, dominant and victorious. Using Halliday’s ideational metafunction, naming and processes, all parts of the text where Iranian and Mongolian women attended were studied; then by collecting all statements about them, characteristics of each were extracted. Under the effect of religious beliefs, Iranian-Islamic identity of women is represented in the form of defeated participants of discourse of war, by introducing their social characteristics, indirectly expressing their names and their less frequent presence. However, the identity of Mongol women, as the dominant and triumphant participants, is expressed directly and a special way of naming is used by the author. In many cases, the Mongolian woman is a hero and wise politician, whereas the Iranian woman, except in few cases, is a nameless veiled person who goes into captivity.
Literature
Maryam Hoseini; Elham Roostaei Rad
Abstract
The present article is a query research in the history of Islamic mysticism aiming to introduce and discuss the wise insane women. The first part of the article is the theoretical discussions of mystic insanity and its fundamentals. The style of the presentation of the discussions is based on the views ...
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The present article is a query research in the history of Islamic mysticism aiming to introduce and discuss the wise insane women. The first part of the article is the theoretical discussions of mystic insanity and its fundamentals. The style of the presentation of the discussions is based on the views and achievements of classical experts in the Islamic mysticism. In the second part of the article, the name and the biography of some of them based on the restricted historical resources were mentioned; in addition to the review of behaviors and thoughts of the wise insane. The main question of the research is that “did some women have special mystic status in the history? Have they been regarded as the wise insane?” The answer to these questions is positive according to the first grade resources. The research is historical using library method.
Literature
Seyyed Hassan Rohani; Hosseyn Khosravi
Abstract
According to Jung, collective unconscious is the valuable reserve of the human being ancestor who shares their contents between different nations and cultures. The collective unconscious contains the most important and influential content, that a person may face in life. The mother archetype is one of ...
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According to Jung, collective unconscious is the valuable reserve of the human being ancestor who shares their contents between different nations and cultures. The collective unconscious contains the most important and influential content, that a person may face in life. The mother archetype is one of the most prominent and influential contents of the collective unconscious which manifests itself in real, virtual and positive or negative forms. While referring to the nature of archetypal criticism, this study discusses mother archetype, then, its virtual manifestations, such as objects, animals and nature as well as its positive and negative aspects are examined in the book "culture of Kerman people". Then, its samples are extracted from the book and the frequency of their usage is shown. Research findings showed that the Kerman fictions are rich in terms of mother archetype and they correspond to Jung’s theories.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Elahe Alikhani
Abstract
The present paper deals with examination of the terms listed in one hundred sonnets in Hafez’s poetic collection (Divan) where one may seemingly assume them as feminine terms in order to find their latent meanings and concepts and the point that whether the poet has intended to employ these terms ...
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The present paper deals with examination of the terms listed in one hundred sonnets in Hafez’s poetic collection (Divan) where one may seemingly assume them as feminine terms in order to find their latent meanings and concepts and the point that whether the poet has intended to employ these terms only for their apparent concepts or he has had some concepts beyond their apparent meanings in mind. This study is of qualitative type, research and methodology of this study is of documentary type (library) and the content analysis has been also employed qualitatively to analyze poems of Hafez. Although he has not explicitly referred to female character in his sonnets (despite the fact that there are some critiques from society about some of his sonnets, Hafez’s sonnet is perfectly mystic not social; in other words, they are some love poems totally concerned with glorification and praising of God), woman has very high and magnificent position in Hafez’ paradigm wherever Hafez intended to talk about his God he has described woman and her beauties for public perception and better conception and all of his lovely illustrations of female are allegory and allusion of the Lord and refer exactly to God.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Mahmood Reza Tavakoli Mohammadi
Abstract
In the constitutional era, the Persian poetry knew new poetry implications in the side of the old content defined by the Persian literature in previous eras. This is why we call this era, the era of radical change in the old contents. Familiarity with the western literature, political and social developments ...
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In the constitutional era, the Persian poetry knew new poetry implications in the side of the old content defined by the Persian literature in previous eras. This is why we call this era, the era of radical change in the old contents. Familiarity with the western literature, political and social developments in Iran, enlightenment, tyranny, internal and external colonialism are among the factors that play an active role in this regard. This, in turn, has affected the lives of women in Iran not limiting its impact to the political and social life. Therefore, Iranian women knew their place in Iranian society and tried to get involved in the Iranian society and the defense of the homeland. This article tried to study poetic divans for Iranian women poets and look for the content of poetry in this regard. Considerable attempts of Iranian women to defend their homeland, their awareness of their place in the real Iranian society and the change in women’s attitude towards men are among the most important issues, and their reflections in the poems women poets in the constitutional era have been analyzed.
