Journal of Woman in Culture and Arts

Abstract The progress and excellence of females in the Islamic society is one of the fundamental
concerns of Imam Khomeini in his interviews and speeches. He would frequently admit the
importance and influence of women in the Islamic movement, as well as their important role
in the progress of various fields in Iran. According to Imam Khomeini’s belief, women
compared to men had an equal, and even sometimes bigger,role in the victory ofthe Islamic
revolution in Iran. The sacred defense dramatic literature has been principally formedto reflect
historical incidents of the Islamic revolution andimposed Iran-Iraq war occurred between
1980-1988.The level of appropriateness and adaptability of the sacred defense dramatic
literature productions ontheimposed war historical incident was assessedby comparing such
productions with Imam Khomeini's opinions as the main axis of the sacred defense concept.
The method used in this research is descriptive–comparative. The statistical society of this
research is all of the holy defense dramatic literature works published between 1978 and
2009.The statistical samplesinclude 120 plays including works of female and male authors.
In this study, the influence of females on the sacred defense dramatic literature against the
words of Imam Khomeini have been considered as a basis to assess the conformity level of
these works to the aforementioned historical incidents. Hence, females’ involvement in the
production such works (as a writer) was firstly compared to male’s
involvement.Then,statistics obtained regardingfemales’ involvement were compared toImam
Khomeini’s viewpointsexpressed in Imam's Sahifeh (a twenty-two volume book contained
Imam's speeches and letters).The results showed that females have not enjoyed the historical
status in the aforementioned art movement as desired by Imam Khomein.

Abstract The present article aims at giving a formative psychoanalysis of Iran cinema in the 2000s.It
seems that all distinct moviesin this decade have been produced in an atmospherethatwasa
representation of everyday-life and living ethics of middle class citizens. Drawing on the
movie “how simple it is” directedby Reza MirKarimi (2009) as a typical sample of discursive
formation, the present study aims to analysis a representation of everyday-life of the urban
middle class, which in this decade turned into an Iranian culturally problematic issue.
Utilizing its internal narration, this film indicates that “objet petit a” is penetrating through the
everyday-life and within the “objet petit a” there are reasons formed which have directed the
everyday affairs to the path of the unconscious affairs of subjectivity. The purpose of the
present study is to expound the “objet petit a” based on a psychoanalysis perspective.
According to the way the movie represents the subjects, this research also intends to show
how the everyday-life of the subjects mainly dominated by women is constructed and how
“objet petit a” involved in split subjects plays a key role in the current everyday-life.

Abstract the evolution of the family in the contemporary world has been one of the focal topics in the
family sociology studies over past decades.The impact of modernity, especially from its
cultural aspect, on the family development in the west that has led to the formation of the
modern and post-modern family has beenpaid attention in recent theoretical and experimental
studies.This research aimed to investigate the impact of modernity on the family development
from the perspective of social actors especially from a gender perspective. In addition, the
research intended to find those elements affecting such a development in the Iranian families,
and analyse its consequences.This research was based on a qualitative approach with limited
and selective samples in Tehran. The data collection was undertaken via comprehensive
interviews. Findings showed that, from a gender perspective, there were considerable
differences between males and females in (i) the definition of the modern and traditional
family characteristics, (ii) their understanding of the transformation of the structure of the
family and family relations during the transformation, (iii) their reaction and acceptance to the
changes, and (iv) their different discourse formed during the changes.

Abstract Communities’worldview has an important role in shaping arts. Exploring the evolution of the
Persian art and architecture indicates that, in different periods, despitethe changeof aesthetic
and expression, there have relatively been some similar meanings in different forms of art. On
the words, in different forms of art, expression might be changed but a unique meaning would
bemarinated.
In this research it is assumed that the roots of these semblances are in philosophical theories
that have been dominant in the society.Art can be inspired by different theories, symbolism in
Persian Mythological and mystical texts, andultimately leads to the creation of a special
aesthetic expression that could create a similar meaning in different kinds of forms.
The results of this research indicate that there has been an obvious connection between the
Persian art and architecture and philosophy. InSafavids, the combination of various
philosophical schools led to the creation of one of the most glorious periods of the Persian art
and architecture.Thebelief in the sanctity of the symbols of fertilitythat are visible in the
historical Iranian thoughtsas well as in various forms of art such as Anahita and tree of
lifehave been replaced with waterfront and domes in the Safavids architecture. In all these
shapes, a similar meaning would be visible.

Abstract Contemporary poets have enjoyed the effect of colour on man'sspirit and used them to express
their feelings about social and political matters. FadavaToghan as an influentialPalestinian
poet has used colours in her poems to reflect people's pains, wishes and hopes. Woman's
feeling and the delicate spirit of the poet on the one hand and political and social situations
dominated on Palestine land on the other hand have urged her to use colour. In this research,
an analytical-descriptive method was applied and the most frequent concepts of colour have
been extracted from her poetry book. The findings show that black, green and red have been
the most frequent colours. In her works, green would stand for happiness, hope, beauty,
movementand/or Palestine and the nature of the country. Black would stand for sadness,
hopelessness, oppression, and the presence of Zionists. Red would mean martyr's blood,
national rise and movement.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine gender differences in the language development and skills of first grade students of primary schools in Marivan-Iran. To do this, 260 first grade students (140 males and 120 females) were chosen by multi stage cluster sampling and stratified random sampling methods among the first grade students in elementary schools in the 2011-2012 academic year. The test methodwas based on Test of Language Development-Primary Third Edition (TOLD-P-3) in order to assess language development and skills, which consists of 6 basic subscales and 3 secondary subscales. The obtained data were analyzed using the t independence test for comparing two groups. Results showed that girls outperformedin language development components like listening, speaking and semantics.However, there was no significant difference between the performance ofboys and girls in the organizing component (P≤0.01). 

Abstract Stories and fictions are important cultural resources which in many cultures are narrated by women.These storiescan bea reflection of ideals and desires of women in different levels of a society. Therefore, reviewing these stories and fictions would bebeneficial to better understand the various aspects of women’s life in a society.This research aims to study women’s positionin Bakhtiary’s culture usingthirty written stories. Bakhtiary’s culture is patriarchal anddespite positive attitude towards women in this culture, they are still looked upon inferior.In such a culture women have less contribution and influence in economical and political activitieswhere are dominated by men. However, Bakhtiary’s women have challenged discriminating attitudes ofthe patriarchal setting and rejected the existing sexual discriminations particularly in social settings.In this respect, theyhave even succeeded in altering some traditional views of their men toward themselves.  The most significant preoccupations of women in these types of stories include marriage and combatingpatriarchal thoughts. For instance, women have been culturally obliged to obey men’s will on the matter of marriage, whereas,  on many occasions, they have rejected this and married on their own choice. In this paper, the presence of women in these stories has been subjected to qualitative and quantitive analysis. In addition, the presence of women in the political and economicalactivities, struggling patriarchal thinking, partaking in naming their children, marriage, womanly issues, women characters, andthe number of women in the stories are thosethat have been dealt with in this paper.

Abstract As the form and appearance of a literature work inevitably affect thestructure and shape ofthat
work, theyplay animportant role in its permanence.In this study, factors and elements
affecting the cohesion, coherence, form and structure of allegories and debates in Parvin's
collection were analyzed using a systematic method. The results of the study can be
categorizedin four groups. First, in Parvin's debates, since different parts of her poems are
dialogically interconnected, the cohesion and coherence in her worksisquite evident. Second,
Parvin's narration in allegories and debates has resulted in a reciprocal relationship between
different parts so that an organic and coherent structure emerges.Third, the creative use of
rhythms appropriate to the content of herallegories has resulted in thatthe coherence and the
reciprocal relationship between different parts of her allegories would be maintained.Fourth,
by using powerful and well-organized imagery along with the organization of linguistic
elements (sounds, words and syntactic structures) in her poetry, Parvin could create a
coherent structure as well as an everlasting image of her works in the reader's mind.