Sociology
Hasan Afrasiabi; Nasrin Bahmani
Abstract
Marriage and mate selection is one of the most important events in the social life which has been observed in various forms in different eras and societies. To achieve this, using qualitative content analysis, all marriages mentioned in the Shahnameh were analyzed. The results show that the kings and ...
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Marriage and mate selection is one of the most important events in the social life which has been observed in various forms in different eras and societies. To achieve this, using qualitative content analysis, all marriages mentioned in the Shahnameh were analyzed. The results show that the kings and heroes as the class of Iranian society in the Shahnameh, for finding a matching partner, personal gain or for political expedience outside Iran have attempted to select mate. In general, it can be said that in ancient exogamy marriage is not only a common pattern, but it can be a time-honored tradition that goes back a thousand years.
Farahangiz Sabouhi Sani; Yasin Sedghi; Mehdi Razani
Abstract
Women traditional and indigenous metal jewelry making in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been included in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran. ...
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Women traditional and indigenous metal jewelry making in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been included in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran. They are being forgotten today and there is a need for extensive research in this field. For this reason, in the present study, it is attempted to study Baluchi women traditional jewelry making arts to investigate the methods, structures and materials used in the artworks. To this end, in the present study, 9 samples of conventional jewelries of Baluchi women are examined using metallurgical experiments optical microscopy (OM), radiography, computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Structural analysis of metal jewelry shows that the base metal of the jewelries is entirely made of silver-copper alloy with a eutectic structure by using casting methods. Moreover, the elemental and compound analysis identifies the two elements of silver and copper with the highest amount in the compound of the alloy, respectively. Also, the type of connections, the type of soldering and the type of metal core of the jewelries are examined using radiography and computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan).
Literature
Ezzat Mola Ebrahimi; Saeid Velayati; Bayazed Tand; Hamed Janadeleh
Abstract
Archetype is remained from far past as common concept in the human`s unconscious that these photos are seeming in effects of our sleep, dream and literature. “An example mom” is one of the archetypes that Mr. Carl Gustav Jung believes that this archetype is from the most significant psychosomatic ...
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Archetype is remained from far past as common concept in the human`s unconscious that these photos are seeming in effects of our sleep, dream and literature. “An example mom” is one of the archetypes that Mr. Carl Gustav Jung believes that this archetype is from the most significant psychosomatic manifestation. This is seen in the literature`s effects with positive and negative nature sometimes to form real mother and other time to different shapes and symbols that are implying in aspect maternal. Muhammad Al Qaisi is Palestinian contemporary poet. He has paid a lot of attention to “An example mom” of the archetype in his poems. He has given a new semantic to this archetype with inspiration from religiou texts to deepen the meanings of his poems. The results of this research have indicated that the analytical method of “an example mom” in the poems of Muhammad Al Qaisi is a symbol for occupied homeland and refers to hope, sustainability, rise, freedom, and the binders of the Palestinian people.
Historic
Nouredin Nemati
Abstract
Iran’s Islamic parliament is the most important democratic institution of the country. Social and political groups try hard to get in the parliament due to its legislative powers and wide range jurisdiction. The third and fourth periods of the Islamic Parliament elections were held under different ...
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Iran’s Islamic parliament is the most important democratic institution of the country. Social and political groups try hard to get in the parliament due to its legislative powers and wide range jurisdiction. The third and fourth periods of the Islamic Parliament elections were held under different circumstances. After the death of Imam Khomeini and the end of the war, and beginning of the Sazandegi-government, we observed a change in the political situation in Iran. In the rivalry between the groups called followers of Imam and traditional groups, two main movements of Principle followers (right) and Reformists (left) were formed. They tried to obtain a major role in the parliament, and in this period the number of female candidates (and consequently female MPs) increased in comparison with the previous periods. The female representatives had played a major role in passing legislative bills regarding family and women’s right and encouraged more participation of women in social, cultural, economic and political spheres. This paper intends to approach this role from a descriptive perspective and study how the female representative within the framework of constitutional limits and Islamic teachings could develop the women’s position in the society.
Sociology
Abolhassan Amin Moghadasi; Kolsoom Tanha
Abstract
Ezzel-din Manasereh is one of the contemporary and prominent poets of Palestine whose newly comments in the realm of Palestine and resistance poem have endued him with a special place in contemporary literature due to his modern delineation in critique. Traditional characters and in particular mythical ...
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Ezzel-din Manasereh is one of the contemporary and prominent poets of Palestine whose newly comments in the realm of Palestine and resistance poem have endued him with a special place in contemporary literature due to his modern delineation in critique. Traditional characters and in particular mythical and folk female characters in Ezzel-din’s poem have great vibrancy which inspire the poet under the influences of cultural, political and social factors to insinuate aforementioned concepts in an artistic way. He invites everyone to resistance in front of the occupants and protection of Arabic and national identity using mythical female character. And thus he challenges the political and social events of his time. Applied myths in Manasereh’s poem are mostly national, Arabic and native and rarely religious. He takes advantage of myths which represent resistance and national identity and heritage such as: Zarghae, Yammameh, Maryam and Jafra. Besides national and Arabic myths he also has made use of Greece and Mesopotamian myths. As it is obvious in his poems he seldom uses Western myths and mostly depends on national origins and sources.Mythical female characters and their variations in Manasereh’s poems have been studied here. These myths are native and locally and sometimes Grecian originated and are derived from his national and transnational beliefs. Key words: mythical، female characters ،poetry for Palestine ،Ezzel-din Manasereh
Sociology
Mohammad Javad Javid; Esmat Shahmoradi
Abstract
Hijab has turned into a major concern for the authorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the recent decades. Since the Revolution, the obligatory hijab and considering it to be in line with the human morales has served as the major reason for maintenance of this legal obligation. Over certain periods, ...
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Hijab has turned into a major concern for the authorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran over the recent decades. Since the Revolution, the obligatory hijab and considering it to be in line with the human morales has served as the major reason for maintenance of this legal obligation. Over certain periods, there has been ups and downs regarding objections and criticisms concerning hijab but such criticisms have never stopped. There is a competing hypothesis which necessitates observance of the fundamental human rights of the Iranian citizens. In contrast, the government seeks recourse to the need for observance of the majority of Iranian citizens as Muslims to defend hijab as a legal (rather than mere religious) requirement. Due to the relative success of this hypothesis, the Islamic government is required to review in theory and practice the implementation of such legal requirement, while at the same time defending the legal stance of hijab. The present article seeks to adopt a practical perspective and provide an academic report to investigate the truth of hijab and the governing rules with respect to the legal, social and political ideas to portray a more realistic future for policy making concerning hijab in Islamic Republic of Iran.
ROOHOLLAH KAZEMI; Reza Satari
Abstract
AbstractThe lover is the manifestation of anime in lyrical literature, especially sonnets. Its terrestrial image is a representation of the heterosexual element of bisexual man, and its celestial appearance corresponds to gods and goddesses, i.e. saturated image of a strange creature that ...
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AbstractThe lover is the manifestation of anime in lyrical literature, especially sonnets. Its terrestrial image is a representation of the heterosexual element of bisexual man, and its celestial appearance corresponds to gods and goddesses, i.e. saturated image of a strange creature that is transcendental, primal, eternal, and God-like, with infinite beauty and kindness, being a nurse and a collection of all goodness. It subconsciously adapts to a mixture of aesthetic criteria of all eras and all human races. Anima is one of the most fundamental archetypes of Jung's collective unconscious, playing a fundamental role in the development of male personality, the feminine half in men, which because of the patriarchal system’s considerations is generally repressed, prevented from expressing themselves, unaware that everything we suppress is not extinguished but, rather, erupts with more energy from the subconscious at an inappropriate time and form. To prevent anima’s eruption, a man needs to learn how to strive in relation to the female half and have it engaged in a life of self-awareness, so that he can enjoy its gifts for its flourishing and transcendence. The present research employs a descriptive-analytical and statistical method to study the correspondence of "anima" archetype on the sonnets of Houshang Ebtehaj that were in harmony and capable of interpreting anime. The extent of his success is directly related to his efforts to identify the feminine element of the psyche. But it seems that the poet has not been successful in a stable relationship with the female element. While in the majority of his sonnets he has overcome the negative anime, in some of the others he has more or less gone through the unevenness of individuality..
Literature
Ali Akbar Mohseni; Hoda Rezaei
Abstract
Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering ...
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Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering by examining the short story of "Jannat al-Bajja" by Ghada Al-Saman based on the most important principles of cultural criticism in the field of gender and challenging the dominant patriarchal discourse using descriptive-analytical method. Women in the family as an obedient and passive identity in a people-oriented environment, show the transformation of these women and the recovery of their independent identity in an equal environment in the context of their story. The most important area criticized by Al-Saman is the popular culture of Arab societies, which has failed to adapt to the principles of the contemporary modernist movement. Explaining that Al-Saman also depicts the pathology of gender stereotypes in men and also shows the extent of cultural error about men as the upper class of patriarchal society. Criticism of gender inequalities, the harms of the patriarchal system, women's self-destruction in an unequal gender environment, the conflict between the principles of tradition and modernity, and the reduction of women to sexual identity are some of the most important issues that Al-Saman highlights in his stories.
Maryam Sadat Siahpoosh; Tahereh Haj Ebrahimi; Leila Hooshangi
Abstract
Contemporary studies find different perspectives when discussing the role of women in religious communities and the influence of religion on the social representation of women. Some scholars have viewed religion as a tool to oppress women, and for this reason have attempted to reduce its value in the ...
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Contemporary studies find different perspectives when discussing the role of women in religious communities and the influence of religion on the social representation of women. Some scholars have viewed religion as a tool to oppress women, and for this reason have attempted to reduce its value in the eyes of women believers. While others, due to the significant population of women believers, have viewed religion as a factor in reviving the status of women. In the feminist approach, with the help of modern study methods, the sacred religious texts, especially the Christian texts, are read, understood and analyzed to explore the influence of religion on the status of women in the light of a new perspective. In this study, an attempt has been made to first discuss the apostolic role played by women with Jesus Christ in the New Testament. Then we will examine the four Gospels’ account of Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdalene, who accompanied Jesus on his journeys, and find a model for the presence of women believers based on a feminist approach. Both women played a dynamic role in various social activities and in different religious fields, both practically and theoretically. Hence, they have attracted the attention of feminist scholars. This research also attempts to examine the components of women’s faith in a descriptive-analytical method.
Sociology
Naima Mohammadi; Khan Mohammad Askani
Abstract
Marriage in each of the different regions of Iran is affected by the ethnic and religious beliefs. Polygamy phenomenon in Sarbaz in under debate because inside of this tradition some modernization factors also being establishment. According to this incompatibility, polygamy in the field of mental health ...
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Marriage in each of the different regions of Iran is affected by the ethnic and religious beliefs. Polygamy phenomenon in Sarbaz in under debate because inside of this tradition some modernization factors also being establishment. According to this incompatibility, polygamy in the field of mental health is studied in this paper. In this study 300 men who have one wife and polygamous has been studied by using cluster sampling method in terms of mental health questionnaire (GHQ), social health questionnaire (Keyes) and Family Health (McMaster model) were studied. The results of ANOVA showed that the averages of mental health (anxiety, depression and anger) among the men who have 3 or 4 wives are decreased significantly. The averages of social health (social Integration and actualization) among the men who have 3 or 4 wives were lower significantly. Also, the average of acceptance rate was not significantly different among these 3 groups. Family health in polygamous families in terms of average turnout empathetic and emotional bond is significantly lower than in monogamous families. For conclusion, to reduce the impacts of psychological and social polygamous lifestyle on men, family therapy and professional services recommended.
faezeh Arab yousef abadi; Monireh Farzishob; Mohammad Naeim Mohammadi
Abstract
As the form and appearance of a literature work inevitably affect thestructure and shape ofthatwork, theyplay animportant role in its permanence.In this study, factors and elementsaffecting the cohesion, coherence, form and structure of allegories and debates in Parvin'scollection were analyzed using ...
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As the form and appearance of a literature work inevitably affect thestructure and shape ofthatwork, theyplay animportant role in its permanence.In this study, factors and elementsaffecting the cohesion, coherence, form and structure of allegories and debates in Parvin'scollection were analyzed using a systematic method. The results of the study can becategorizedin four groups. First, in Parvin's debates, since different parts of her poems aredialogically interconnected, the cohesion and coherence in her worksisquite evident. Second,Parvin's narration in allegories and debates has resulted in a reciprocal relationship betweendifferent parts so that an organic and coherent structure emerges.Third, the creative use ofrhythms appropriate to the content of herallegories has resulted in thatthe coherence and thereciprocal relationship between different parts of her allegories would be maintained.Fourth,by using powerful and well-organized imagery along with the organization of linguisticelements (sounds, words and syntactic structures) in her poetry, Parvin could create acoherent structure as well as an everlasting image of her works in the reader's mind.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Mahya Abiary Ghamsari
Abstract
Discourse analysis is a modern approach flourishing and growing in the context of postmodernism. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework in critical discourse analysis is one of the most practical aspects of this theory that includes analysis of ) spoken or written (language texts, analysis ...
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Discourse analysis is a modern approach flourishing and growing in the context of postmodernism. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework in critical discourse analysis is one of the most practical aspects of this theory that includes analysis of ) spoken or written (language texts, analysis of discourse practice) processes of text production, distribution and consumption (and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice. The writers of the essay using the Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework, analyze the power discourse in Zainab Habash’s poems, and also try to discover the connection and relation between the poet’s works and oppressive atmosphere of totalitarian society. Finally, the current study aims to explain the influence of Palestine political situations on resistance poetry. Zeinab Habash in her resistant poems tries to be the protesting sound of her countrymen to make the social and political discourse interacted, which can make a great change in her society.
Sociology
Maliheh Sharestany; Ahmad Etamadi; Mohsen Salimi
Abstract
This study sets out to investigate the effectiveness of the integrated Cognitive-Psychodrama training on modifying irrational relationship beliefs among married women. Statistical population included all of married women living in Allameh Tabatabaei University dormitories in 2011. 30 samples were randomly ...
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This study sets out to investigate the effectiveness of the integrated Cognitive-Psychodrama training on modifying irrational relationship beliefs among married women. Statistical population included all of married women living in Allameh Tabatabaei University dormitories in 2011. 30 samples were randomly selected among the married women with high relationship beliefs grades and distributed randomly in experimental and control groups. The research procedure was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. Measurement tool consisted of Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI). The experimental group participated in 9 sessions (1 session per week) of the integrated Cognitive-Psychodrama training. The results were analyzed with covariate using SPSS software. The results revealed that all hypotheses concerning the effectiveness of the integrated Cognitive-Psychodrama training on modifying irrational relationship beliefs among married women were confirmed.
Literature
Mahshad Shahbazi; Mahbood Fazeli; Maryam Hoseini
Abstract
According to the theory of renowned American feminist critic, Ellen Showalter, in the study of any sub-culture, including women’s literary sub-culture, we witness the process of three main stages of imitation, protest, and self-awareness in the works of Iranian women novelists. To describe this ...
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According to the theory of renowned American feminist critic, Ellen Showalter, in the study of any sub-culture, including women’s literary sub-culture, we witness the process of three main stages of imitation, protest, and self-awareness in the works of Iranian women novelists. To describe this process, Showalter developed three stages of transformation as Feminine stage, Feminist stage, and Female stage. As Feminine, the women novelist imitates overwhelming male traditions and patterns. As Feminist, the women novelist protests rooted values and measures in literature. As Female, the women novelist returns to herself to discover personal identity and self-awareness. The present study has extensively reviewed thirty three novels of Iranian women novelist in the last half century from 1960 to 2010. This study, with an eye on Showalter’s feminist theory considers transformation process of self-awareness in female writers of Iran and defines its evolution through the predetermined stages. As the result of present study, it was logically evident to claim that Showalter’s model comprehensively applies to the Iranian female literary subculture. Nevertheless, it must be noted that evolution from second to third stage was not broadly evident and only happened in the work of Shahrnush Parsipur titled “Blue Logos”. We may also need to study more works of Iranian women novelist to search for the third stage enhancements.
geography
Qiuomars Yazdanpanah Dero; Neda Asgari
Abstract
One of the most important topics in political geography is the geography of election as a political selection by which people elect the most outstanding politicians of a country. If a regime bans some groups of people from participating in elections, it won’t be a democratic one anymore. Presence ...
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One of the most important topics in political geography is the geography of election as a political selection by which people elect the most outstanding politicians of a country. If a regime bans some groups of people from participating in elections, it won’t be a democratic one anymore. Presence and activity of women is one of the most significant aspects of a democratic political system. The reaction and behavior of a society toward women is one factor of political and social development in that society. Such behaviors would provide a good situation to make it possible for effective association of women and taking advantage of their power, thinking and creativity. Therefore, every nation should try to remove cultural, social, political and economic obstacles of participation of women and help the society to develop in every field by realization of the importance of this association. Based on this fact, the purpose of this research is to survey the participation of women in Iranian parliament election at three sequential terms (8th, 9th and 10th). The statistical population of this paper includes managers and experts of women study centers in different organizations and also some postgraduate students and university professors who were familiar with this topic. The method of selecting individuals was set to the total number available (N=38). The data collection method is a questionnaire which authors provided based on exploratory study. We analyzed the results of the research by One Sample T-Test, simple linear regression, Friedman Test and deductive-descriptive methods in SPSS 25 software. We recognized five criteria including economic, socio cultural, political, geographical and personality and one index like existing obstacles of women participation in parliament election.
geography
Kioumars azdanpanah; Majid Gholami; Zohreh Fereidonian; Mahtab Jafari
Abstract
Electoral geography as a trend of political geography aims to study spatial patterns of distribution of power in the form of mutual relations, geography of space, elections and power. Despite the fact that women comprise half of the population and account for the majority of graduates of higher education, ...
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Electoral geography as a trend of political geography aims to study spatial patterns of distribution of power in the form of mutual relations, geography of space, elections and power. Despite the fact that women comprise half of the population and account for the majority of graduates of higher education, their political participation is not much. This paper is a descriptive study using library resources aiming to answer the question: What are the geographical features of the representation of women in parliament (with emphasis on the tenth parliament)? The obtained results and findings indicate that such factors as general political orientation of the society, population, the scope, history of women representatives in the district, the central or peripheral aspect of geographical distribution of the representation of women in the allegedly reformist, conservative and independent political currents are effective in ten parliamentary elections. The current study suggests that taking these factors into account by the political parties and groups, especially women's organizations in this field, as well as the Ministry of Interior to increase political participation and more effective presence of women at the highest levels of society, politics and of course power is essential.
Hassan Piri; Morteza Vahedian; Mehran Sohrabzadeh
Abstract
In the present study, the pathology of the media has been analyzed in three sets of local TV series of the Ilam Center. In order to pursue the above goal, the present study, based on the theory of representation and based on the semiotic reading of the converted text to the text, has tried to mean the ...
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In the present study, the pathology of the media has been analyzed in three sets of local TV series of the Ilam Center. In order to pursue the above goal, the present study, based on the theory of representation and based on the semiotic reading of the converted text to the text, has tried to mean the semantic implications and cultural images that the series “Qal O Qawaleh”,”Bra O Bash” and “Harka ra khoi”. The analysis of the findings reveals several types of social-family-related concepts in the Illam Broadcasting organization: Making a dual image of the family, challenging differences, reproducing stereotypes based on respect for the tradition. Based on the results of this research in the traditional family, adherence to local customs and resistance to modernity has been portrayed as a value; In this family, the woman is usually "adoptive woman" and is the main decision maker of the man, and where the woman decides on an important subject, the result is abnormal. What's displayed in these series can be seen in the community. In other words, the direction of the provincial center of the center of Ilam in the studied series, focusing on the admission of masculinity and traditional femininity, and its emphasis on other masculinity and femininity, has been the form of representation during the years of the series of plays (2009-2013) Has dominated.
Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari; Zahra Shirvani Saadatabadi; Ahad Khaleghi Bolboluyi
Abstract
In the history of Iranian traditional performances (especially the Siyāh-Bāzi), the presence and action of women has been extremely limited. In some cases, the performances are totally get away from the fact. Due to the lack of archival resources, there are very few documents available to reflect the ...
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In the history of Iranian traditional performances (especially the Siyāh-Bāzi), the presence and action of women has been extremely limited. In some cases, the performances are totally get away from the fact. Due to the lack of archival resources, there are very few documents available to reflect the presence of women in this field. However, there has recently been an upsurge in the presence of women during the post-revolutionary years, especially in the field of Siyāh-Bāzi and performing the role of Almās (Siyāh) as the leading character. The present article deals with the presence of women as Siyāh, which was not noticed in the pre-revolutinary Iran. The theoretical framework of this article is based on the postmodern feminist ideas, with reference to Judith Butler's ideas on "Gender identity" and "Cross dressing". We seek to show why women were not present in the Siyāh-Bāzi performances before the revolution, and how they have developed a new discourse in this field in the recent years. The results of this study showed that being an "other" results in a sort of deconstruction and the emergence of a new phenomenon referred to as the emergence of a female Almās in a feminine discourse: A new discourse which is the result of turning into a new "other", together with the deformation of the traditional approaches. In other words, the cross dressing of Almās is the result of a challenge for gender equality.
Art
saleheh khodadadi; Mohsen Badreh; Fatemeh Bajelani
Abstract
This article(Comparison of the two narratives of the Old Testament and the Qur'an about the temptation of Adam and Job (pbuh) by their wives and its representation in Christian and Islamic visual arts) compares the two narratives of the Old Testament and the Qur'an concerning the temptation of Adam and ...
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This article(Comparison of the two narratives of the Old Testament and the Qur'an about the temptation of Adam and Job (pbuh) by their wives and its representation in Christian and Islamic visual arts) compares the two narratives of the Old Testament and the Qur'an concerning the temptation of Adam and Job (PBUH) by their wives and its representation in Christian and Islamic visual arts. The comparison of the how of deception and temptation of the two mentioned prophets by their wives that is, Eve's lack of patience towards the sanctity of eating the forbidden fruit and Rahma's lack of patience towards divine trials and their reflection in the visual arts of two Christian and Islamic cultures in the first-hand sources, is of the goals of this study. This is a comparative study and data collection has been done by exploring library documents and works and art treasures. Although in the text of the Holy Qur'an, not only is the fault of the temptation of Adam and Job not on the shoulders of their wives, but there are very clear interpretations that clearly reject this accusation, but on the other hand, some of the covenantal stories asserted the mediation of Eve for the temptation of Adam and also in Islamic hadith and commentary sources we can see traces of attributing some sins to Job's wife. However, the issue of the representation of Adam's temptation by Eve and Job's blaming by his wife Rahma is clearly evident and frequent in Christian art, but this is not the case in Islamic paintings. Regarding Adam's temptation by Eve and its consequences, such as their expulsion from heaven, Islamic paintings do not explicitly blamed Eve and sometimes they have given her equal dignity with Adam, and in the paintings related to the story of Job, no sign is found indicating the temptation of this Prophet made by his wife or reprimanding him by her.
Sociology
Fariadeh Hamidi; Pardis Ameri
Abstract
Gender combines biological, psychological, cultural, and social elements, and it is considered as a part of cultural and social identity. Language is an important element in the formation of cultural identity and cultural transmission, in fact, it occurs through the symbolic order of language. In this ...
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Gender combines biological, psychological, cultural, and social elements, and it is considered as a part of cultural and social identity. Language is an important element in the formation of cultural identity and cultural transmission, in fact, it occurs through the symbolic order of language. In this regard, evaluation of language fundamentals from the viewpoint of anthropology and feminist scholars, finding instances of gender discrimination and study of language in any culture, are major branches of cultural studies. Given that the community, using language, could give gender inferiority or superiority of its own, in this study, by collecting relevant information and documents by using library, as well as data analysis approach, and descriptive and critical method, aims to remove gender from mystical Persian language as an innovation in culture. For this purpose, the possibility of new readings with critical and innovative approach has been addressed. Notably, regarding planning for sex removal from Persian language, very few researches have been performed, moreover, many stereotypes in language as well as mystical languages are constantly being reproduced without being seriously examined.
Sociology
Sajjad Ojaghlo; Abas Moradi; Ebrahim Qasemi; Jamal Arshadi
Abstract
This article investigates generational changes of child value and childbearing behavior among women before and after Islamic Revolution of Iran. Different generations of Iranian women, based on their shared common life experiences, have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards ...
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This article investigates generational changes of child value and childbearing behavior among women before and after Islamic Revolution of Iran. Different generations of Iranian women, based on their shared common life experiences, have various and sometimes contrasting attitudes and perceptions towards the meaning and concept of child and childbearing. This research is cross-sectional and survey-based and the data are collected using questionnaire. Research population included five generations of Zanjani women. The 500 woman- sample consisted of 100 women from each generation. Two-stage sampling, based on PPS method, was used in this research. . Findings showed that the mean score value differences for child and childbearing among studied generations is statistically significant. The lowest rate of child value was related to women between 1992 and 1995 and the highest rate belonged to women before 1963. There was a reverse and negative relationship between individualism and childbearing. A positive and direct relationship is observed between religiosity and childbearing. The effect of globalization on child value among generation of 1979-1988 is stronger than other generations. Based on different historical and biological experiences and awareness of each generation as well as generational and structural conflict, changes in childbearing behavior can be explained; i.e., uneven and unequal distribution of opportunities, resources, and facilities among generations can be explained. Accordingly, generational changes of child value both historically and mentally as well as structurally and objectively can be explained. Women's experiences in terms of globalization in addition to their awareness and expectations improvement as well as changes in their roles and positions after Islamic Revolution in Iran have affected their perceptions and evaluations of child and childbearing value.
Literature
Zolfaghar Alami; Elnaz Khojasteh
Abstract
Archetype, as an innate factor in collective unconscious, is deeply associated with myth. In fact, the myth is a kind of archetype whose reasons of formation are reviewed according to collective unconscious. According to Jung's opinion, every myth is created based a collection of factors and innate reasons. ...
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Archetype, as an innate factor in collective unconscious, is deeply associated with myth. In fact, the myth is a kind of archetype whose reasons of formation are reviewed according to collective unconscious. According to Jung's opinion, every myth is created based a collection of factors and innate reasons. Accordingly, different kinds of unnatural childbirth are very important mythological subjects that are tangled with story of hero's birth in various nations. There are many archetypes of Hysterectomy and unnatural childbirth in mythology including: Rostam's story and stories of "Arthur" and "Hercules" and several gods such as "Andre", "Mehr", "Metra", "Atone", "Monrovia", "Sanasar & Baghdasar", "Uziris" or "Uzirmag", "Batrazd", "Mashi & Mashiane'', "Buda", "Brahma", and "Sushiant''. The current research aims to unveil the reasons of these birth myths and gods using descriptive– analytic method while explaining the function of archetype for these heroes. Accordingly, unnatural birth is a kind of "showing future of narration sighting". This technique shows prominence and dignity of heroes and myths.
Bijan khajenoori; Leila Parnian; Soghra Hemmat
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to examine relationship between cultural globalization and men's attitude toward the role of women. The method of this study was survey and its tool was questionnaire. The sampling method used in this survey was multi-stage share random sampling. Sample size that was ...
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The purpose of the present study is to examine relationship between cultural globalization and men's attitude toward the role of women. The method of this study was survey and its tool was questionnaire. The sampling method used in this survey was multi-stage share random sampling. Sample size that was estimated according to Lean Table with 95 percent significance level was 383. After reviewing local and international literature and considering theories about cultural globalization and men's attitude towards women's role, a synthesized theoretical framework regarding theories of Giddens and Robertson was formulated. Findings of the bivariate analysis show significant relations between some variables including: reflexivity, sporty life style, scientific cultural life style, awareness of globalization, ICT and traditional life style, inner mass media with Modern Men's attitude towards women's role. Moreover, results show significant relations between the reflexivity, traditional life style and inner mass media withTraditional Men's attitude towards women's role.
Samad Abedini; Samad Rasoolzadeh Aghdam; Parviz Saboori Kazaj
Abstract
Understanding how opportunities and resources are distributed is effective in shaping inequalities. The perception of gender justice is influenced by discourse space and subjective structures. The purpose of this study is to conduct a deeper study of gender justice in the context of ethnicity as a socio-cultural ...
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Understanding how opportunities and resources are distributed is effective in shaping inequalities. The perception of gender justice is influenced by discourse space and subjective structures. The purpose of this study is to conduct a deeper study of gender justice in the context of ethnicity as a socio-cultural context of social phenomena, using qualitative method of a qualitative Grounded Theory method. The sampling method of this study is purposive type of Maximum Variation Sampling. In-depth interviews with 19 subjects of different ethnicities including Turk, Kurd and Gilak continued until theoretical saturation. The types of perceptions of gender justice and its categories and determinants were explored using the Grounded Theory method by MAXQDA software. The findings of the study showed that Ethnicities have two types of perceptions of gender justice: i) perception of traditional gender justice and ii) perceptions of modern gender justice. They also redefined the perceptions of gender justice into four major categories including the perceptions of ritual of gender justice, the perceptions of gender justice in empowerment, the perception of exchange in gender justice, and the perceptions of justice in freedom of action. The factors discovered in the emergence of gender justice from the narratives are emotional, symbolic, cultural, economic, and social capitals, stereotype.
Art
Maryam Dadkhah Tehrani
Abstract
Harold Pinter is among the most famous playwrights of the world and won Nobel Prize in 2005. How he used female characters in his plays is one of the most challenging issues in his dramatic texts. Many of these texts don't have any female personage while the others with female characters show complicated ...
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Harold Pinter is among the most famous playwrights of the world and won Nobel Prize in 2005. How he used female characters in his plays is one of the most challenging issues in his dramatic texts. Many of these texts don't have any female personage while the others with female characters show complicated gendered and sexual functions. Many believe that these characters fit in common stereotypes of females in the world of theater. Among these challenging texts is The Homecoming which shows a unique character, Ruth, who has been controversial among critics. This essay tries to examine the representation of female character in Pinter's plays while focusing solely on The Homecoming. Given the representation of Ruth in this text, some of the critics read this text as a feminist one despite the others who believe Pinter is misogynist. In this essay, after studying the previous views on the play, I try to show how both perspectives can be seen in this text. In fact, just by this article, we cannot accuse Pinter of being misogynist neither acclaim him to be feminist. Pinter indeed wants to decentralize the patriarchal structure of family and the society, using his Pinteresque dialogues and devices.
