Literature
Khalil Baygzade; nazanin namdari
Abstract
Identity is the process of consciously responding to one's "what and who" and Knowing the values of the historical identity of a people or a nation is helpful in realizing their important cultural, social, political and economic goals. exactly of course Cultural iconography is a science ...
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Identity is the process of consciously responding to one's "what and who" and Knowing the values of the historical identity of a people or a nation is helpful in realizing their important cultural, social, political and economic goals. exactly of course Cultural iconography is a science that examines the culture of human societies and its characteristics through literary and artistic works, and its subject is mostly the reflection of the mentality or reasoning of a person or group or nation and their image in travelogues. eastern travelers have included the image of Iranian women in their travelogues, just as world travelers such as Tavernier and Sanson have described the position, role and identity of
exactly Iranian women in the Safavid era in their travelogues and sometimes judged based on mental stereotypes. This research was carried out with the aim of explaining the position, role and identity of Iranian women of the Safavid era in the travelogues of Tavernier and Sanson based on the concept of cultural iconography in a descriptive-analytical method and examined their real view and mental stereotypes of the Iranian women of the Safavid era. The results of the research indicate that Iranian women were at the center of the real and stereotyped view of Safavid period travel writers, as beauty, marriage, fertility and having sons were the highest demands of women in
exactly the patriarchal society of this period. Of course, the patriarchal society's treatment of women in addition to beauty, marriage, acceptance of polygamy, and of course having sons has been different, as court women are not passive, but always strive to acquire skills and participate in social arenas and acquire skills such as hunting, shooting, riding horses, embroidering etc, and travel writers have also attributed this lack of passivity to common women in mental stereotypes.
Literature
kowsar ahsanmoghaddam; Abdollah Radmard; maryam salehi nia
Abstract
Metaphor as a symbolic and indirect language carries added and hidden meanings. Traces of gender metaphors and stereotypes can also be traced in interpretive narratives. In this research, the interpretive stories of three Persian interpretations of Rouz al- Jannan , Jala al- Azhan and Manhaj al- Sadeghin ...
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Metaphor as a symbolic and indirect language carries added and hidden meanings. Traces of gender metaphors and stereotypes can also be traced in interpretive narratives. In this research, the interpretive stories of three Persian interpretations of Rouz al- Jannan , Jala al- Azhan and Manhaj al- Sadeghin are the basis of the work. In this article, narratives that have used gender metaphors or whose content is reminiscent of gender metaphors have been selected, and then, using the qualitative content analysis method, the value of these metaphors and their relationship with gender stereotypes have been examined. Metaphors such as "the bride of the Qur'an"; "Kaab's woman"; "bed"; "Biot"; "Atbah" and "Denya" are examples of gender metaphors in these narratives, which some of them have a positive value and some others have a negative value. The most important results of this research are that most of the negative metaphors about women are formed around the role of a woman as a wife or sexual partner and emphasizing her physical aspect. These metaphors are influenced by common gender stereotypes that have a negative value . On the opposite point, most of the positive metaphors are formed around the role of mother and qualities such as kindness, creativity, originality and beginning in the role of mother . Also, this research shows that the female body is represented in two aspects: "heavenly body" and "infernal body" that the female heavenly body is a symbol of complete pleasure and benefit, and the female infernal body is a symbol of deception, sin, representation of Satan and adultery . Despite Sharia's efforts to disapprobation misogynistic attitudes, the prevalence of gender metaphors about women in different historical periods has not been significantly different among commentators and these commentators have shown their gendered attitudes consciously or unconsciously during the narratives.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Setare Nobakht; Mohammad Reza Kohi
Abstract
The study of social capital in Palestine based on Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model
(Case study: the novel Al Madinah Carnival by Nozeh Ramlawi)
Abstract
Pierre Bourdieu is a contemporary French anthropologist who pays special attention to the capabilities of literature and depicting social situations. ...
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The study of social capital in Palestine based on Pierre Bourdieu's sociological model
(Case study: the novel Al Madinah Carnival by Nozeh Ramlawi)
Abstract
Pierre Bourdieu is a contemporary French anthropologist who pays special attention to the capabilities of literature and depicting social situations. According to him, the strength of a person in different fields and the extent of his participation in the management of the field of power does not depend on a specific capital, but on the volume and combination of types of capital. Since Bourdieu's critical sociology, in addition to the objective and structural dimension, also pays attention to the subjective dimension of social life, it can provide the writers with the necessary capacity to recognize the types of social capital in the novel Carnival of Al-Madinah in order to make their audience understand the conditions. Let the Palestinian community lead. Therefore, in the present study, they have evaluated this novel with a descriptive-analytical method and based on Pierre Bourdieu's theory and analyzed it in four levels of cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital. The findings of the research show that the social capital of the Palestinian people has greatly faded and caused limitations and deficiencies in their economic and cultural capital. But the strong presence of love in family and national types is considered as a significant symbolic asset in the story. The fight against the occupation and hope to remove the root restrictions is another saving and promising factor in this story. In fact, the symbolic capital can be considered as an effective lever to face the personal and social problems of the characters in the story and the Palestinian people as a whole, in difficult and chaotic social conditions. Palestinian people as a whole, in difficult and chaotic social conditions
Key words: Palestine, social capital, Pierre Bourdieu, Al-Madinah Carnival, Nezeh Ramlawi.
Literature
Chiman Mohammadi bytambar; mohamadnabi ahmadi
Abstract
Criticism of the position of women in Libyan society is one of the characteristics of the novel " Bread on Uncle Milad's table", the selected novel of the 2022 Arab Booker and written by the contemporary Libyan writer Mohammad Al-Naas. This novel contains a significant number of female ...
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Criticism of the position of women in Libyan society is one of the characteristics of the novel " Bread on Uncle Milad's table", the selected novel of the 2022 Arab Booker and written by the contemporary Libyan writer Mohammad Al-Naas. This novel contains a significant number of female characters and expresses their conditions, opinions and thoughts in a society with a patriarchal culture and a gendered view of women, and with bitter descriptions of the women in the story and their fate, it considers the root of their helplessness to be patriarchy, which prevents their talents from emerging. will be Due to the reflection of the critical view of Mohammad Al-Naas in the context of the mentioned novel and in accordance with the critical aesthetic view of the Frankfurt School that art and literature should fight with the existing conditions with a negative and oppositional approach in order to reach the desired conditions, we decided to write the novel Based on this theory, let's examine it in a descriptive-analytical way. This article is an attempt to analyze and examine this critical point of view. The findings of the research show that Mohammad Al-Naas's point of view is compatible with the critical approach of the Frankfurt School and it shows that he has criticized their situation in society with the objective of informing the society and improving the status of women, with an opposing and negative point of view. By creating a contrast between traditional and modern women in her story, she criticizes the ruling patriarchal system and the oppressions that have been inflicted on women, and with the help of male characters against the patriarchal system, she tries to inform the women and men of her society about their position. A woman and her prominent role in the family and society.
Literature
نرجس ghabeli; alireza asadi; ali soltani
Abstract
As a cultural product, the novel represents a society with various discourses. Each of these discourses, with their own configurations, are constantly trying to find their ideal to make their meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis ...
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As a cultural product, the novel represents a society with various discourses. Each of these discourses, with their own configurations, are constantly trying to find their ideal to make their meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis on the theory of "Laclau "and "Mouffe" in the two novels "This street has no speed bumps" and "Rahesh". Based on this, the main issue in the current research is how "gender" is represented in these novels.Also, how gender thoughts have been reflected through the author's mentality in writing the novel and what is the author's point of view towards them. In terms of methodology, the upcoming research is considered a descriptive and qualitative research, which data collection is done by library method. According to this method, the analysis of the novel includes three levels: textual analysis, intertextual analysis and contextual analysis. Textual analysis is dedicated to the semiotics of the novel's characters and finding the discourse order of the novel; In intertextual analysis, each novel is compared with novels of the same period, and in contextual analysis, the relationship of the novel with the larger social space is examined.Finally, the analysis of the propositions revealed that the main concern and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main characters and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main characters of the novels are in the conflict between the biological construction of gender and its social construction at all stages.
Literature
mohsen seifi; samaneh dehghani; ali najafi ivaki
Abstract
Feminist criticism highlights women and their position in society. Alati Ta’ud al Salalim (She who counts the stairs) is a novel written by Huda Hamed, an Omani writer. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women’s position in society and addresses concepts like social class inequality ...
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Feminist criticism highlights women and their position in society. Alati Ta’ud al Salalim (She who counts the stairs) is a novel written by Huda Hamed, an Omani writer. In her novel, she takes a critical approach to women’s position in society and addresses concepts like social class inequality among women, their cultural challenges, and male dominance. The present study aims to investigate this novel based on four models of gynocriticism proposed by Elaine Showalter, including biological, linguistics, psychoanalytic, and cultural models.. Using prominent linguistic features such as vocabulary and Arabic dialect in reflecting women’s issues and their cultural challenges like women trafficking and physical abuse in her work, Hamed has created an impressive and informative work. The results of the study revealed that she has succeeded in identifying women considering women’s social and cultural issues. Moreover, the high frequency of the components of Showalter’s model in the novel under study confirms its feministic nature. The women’s cultural aspect is so highlighted in its narrative that the fundamental and deep cultural concerns are mentioned in the shadow of the biological and psychoanalytic issues. This research seeks to answer this question: “how does the writer reflect women’s components in her novel?” She has raised issues like delivery, female circumcision, and pregnancy, considering the biological model. In terms of the psychoanalytic model, she has mentioned obsessions, compulsions, sleep, and bipolarity. Using prominent linguistic features such as vocabulary and Arabic dialect in reflecting women’s issues and their cultural challenges like women trafficking and physical abuse in her work, Hamed has created an impressive and informative work. The results of the study revealed that she has succeeded in identifying women considering women’s social and cultural issues. Moreover, the high frequency of the components of Showalter’s model in the novel under study confirms its feministic nature. The women’s cultural aspect is so highlighted in its narrative that the fundamental and deep cultural concerns are mentioned in the shadow of the biological and psychoanalytic issues.
Literature
Shafiullah Salik; Mahsa Rone
Abstract
Color is considered one of the personality measurement criteria in modern psychology; because each color has a special effect on the mind and body of the viewer and represents his mental state. And every literary work also consciously or unconsciously expresses the thought, intellectual structure, and ...
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Color is considered one of the personality measurement criteria in modern psychology; because each color has a special effect on the mind and body of the viewer and represents his mental state. And every literary work also consciously or unconsciously expresses the thought, intellectual structure, and worldview of its creator. Also, poetry, originating from the poet's emotions and feelings, is considered a mirror of his whole mental and spiritual aspect. Max Luscher's color psychology is an approach based on which the choice of colors helps to understand the human psyche. In this research, the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough, one of the contemporary poets of the romantic movement of Iran and Afghanistan, has been analyzed based on the mentioned theory. The quality and extent of the use of colors in their poems show that in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry, black color is the first choice, which expresses his inner conflicts, dissatisfaction, and disgust with the environment and his depression and isolation. But the frequent use of green next to black indicates his hope for changing the destiny and transformation of society. Khaleda Forough's first choice is green - a symbol of faith, freedom, and peace - and black next to it represents tyranny, suffocation, and social unrest. Examining these two poets' poetry notebooks indicates that calm and hopeful colors gradually replace dark colors. This shows their desire and hope for a better life and interest in creating suitable changes for the image pulling their emotions. In fact, by examining Luscher's applied colors in the poems of these two poets, we come to the conclusion that although Forough Farrokhzad and Khaleda Forough are both among rheumatic poets, Farrokhzad's poetry speaks of an individual self. He sees the society and the times against his will and himself as a captive who screams for liberation, but Khaleda Forough's poetry is a narration of the social ego and his cry is not his only cry, and his poems are a struggle and stand for freedom and peace in the light of faith.
Literature
zahra mohagheghian
Abstract
Investigating the relationship between gender and colonialism is one of the important and significant issues in critical studies of colonial discourse, knowing its quality and manner, in addition to helping to expand colonial studies, to recognize the broad dimensions of gender, especially the different ...
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Investigating the relationship between gender and colonialism is one of the important and significant issues in critical studies of colonial discourse, knowing its quality and manner, in addition to helping to expand colonial studies, to recognize the broad dimensions of gender, especially the different roles of women, at the same time A phenomenon like colonialism also helps. Sarah Mills is one of the contemporary literary feminists who, with a feminine and critical perspective, shows that women's texts play a role in the expansion and development of colonialism and can be active activists, contrary to the neglect of the colonialist current. Considering the poverty of Persian literature in this field, this article tries to take a look at Mills's theory and after reviewing its achievements, by analyzing one of the examples analyzed by him, to consider the various angles of this theory in a practical way. At the end, some of the strengths and weaknesses of this theory are discussed, with the hope that it will initiate new discussions among Persian speakers and women's rights activists. The findings of this research show that Mills is actually trying to take a step to get rid of external colonialism by decolonizing from within. Therefore, her effort is more than criticizing women, as a feminist, she wrote in the direction of valuing women's texts and proving the creativity of women in creating works of art.
At the end, some of the strengths and weaknesses of this theory are discussed, with the hope that it will initiate new discussions among Persian speakers and women's rights activists. The findings of this research show that Mills is actually trying to take a step to get rid of external colonialism by decolonizing from within. Therefore, her effort is more than criticizing women, as a feminist, she wrote in the direction of valuing women's texts and proving the creativity of women in creating works of art.
Literature
Sayad Panahi; Hamid Valizadeh; mahin hajizadeh
Abstract
Today, feminist ideas and images are a suitable tool for checking the feminist level of the work, its author and the extent to which it has a feminist structure. In the meantime, the theory of the four dimensions of "Elaine Showalter", the famous American artist of the 20th century, including ...
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Today, feminist ideas and images are a suitable tool for checking the feminist level of the work, its author and the extent to which it has a feminist structure. In the meantime, the theory of the four dimensions of "Elaine Showalter", the famous American artist of the 20th century, including the biological, cultural, psychoanalytical and linguistic approaches, provides this opportunity for women's criticism of the work, and by relying on it, the position of women can be In the literary works of female writers and male writers, recognition. Therefore, the present research has tried to select a novel by by Ahlam Mostaghanami titled an Algerian female writer entitled " Body memory " and a novel by an Iranian female writer Nasim Marashi entitled " prune " for criticism of women's writing and based on the linguistic dimension of Elaine Showalter's four dimensions. to discuss in order to get a clearer picture of the situation of women and their ideas and idealsconclusion. Considering Elaine Showalter's theory, it can be said that both novels are in the stage of feminism. In addition to this tradition, signs of the feminine stage can also be seen in those two; Therefore, due to the fact that the novels in question belong to the feminist and feminine writing tradition, they have significantly the characteristics of female criticism. In terms of the use of linguistic components, for example, the word hey related to colors and its abundant and combined use, as the main component of women, it has occupied the most place in both works. However, regarding the vocabulary related to women, this component has a lower frequency in both works. Detail and short sentences are widely used in both works. This linguistic component has been used explicitly and repeatedly with less interference from culture and the transfigured minds of village characters from the heart of culture.
Literature
Ayoob Moradi; mansoureh shahriyari
Abstract
Shohalter's approach, known for its critique of the current state and tradition of women's writing, provides a platform for examining women's literature through the lens of gender differences. Shohalter analyzes literary content and structure by considering biological, linguistic, psychological, and ...
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Shohalter's approach, known for its critique of the current state and tradition of women's writing, provides a platform for examining women's literature through the lens of gender differences. Shohalter analyzes literary content and structure by considering biological, linguistic, psychological, and cultural factors. The protagonist of this story is a lonely woman who is unjustly driven away from her home due to false accusations by her husband and becomes a wanderer in Tehran. In the novel, male characters, collectively or individually, play a role in the protagonist's tragic fate, while female characters, despite their futile efforts, strive to support her. The author creates an imaginary place called "Goran" to depict the historical oppression of women by a male-dominated culture. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of Iranian women's writing in the novel "Peyadeh" using Shohalter's fourfold approach through a descriptive-analytical method. The results demonstrate that topics such as pregnancy and childbirth, relationships with men, maternal attributes, and connections among women can be examined from a biological, psychological, and linguistic perspective based on Shohalter's framework. Furthermore, a notable stylistic feature of the text is its unique blend of native Iranian narrative style, combining third-person and first-person perspectives with the utilization of emotional sentences, reminiscent of storytelling among Iranian women
Literature
Hamida dehghanih; Arman Hedari; Reza Rezaei
Abstract
Women are one of the most important demographic subgroups in any society, which have been the subject and focus of studies many times, along with other groups, due to their specific gender-social, economic and cultural situations. There is no doubt that scientific studies are conducted with the aim of ...
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Women are one of the most important demographic subgroups in any society, which have been the subject and focus of studies many times, along with other groups, due to their specific gender-social, economic and cultural situations. There is no doubt that scientific studies are conducted with the aim of unraveling, analyzing and providing solutions for the problems of different groups.but Despite the fact that so far many studies have been conducted about women and their life dimensions, women's relationships and interactions are the most important aspect of their lived experience, which is still in an aura of ambiguity, a kind of confusion and indecision. Since the wide range of novels have the potential to match the reader with their characters, situations and relationships; They are one of the important origins that can be seen and the symbols of women's interactions and relationships can be searched in them. Therefore, the present study analyzes the representation of women's interactions and relationships in selected novels of the first Pahlavi period (Mohammed Hijazi's trilogy) with a sociological perspective and using the social semiotics approach of Kress and VanLeon. Analyzing data in a thematic way, the "sentence" unit of analysis, and applying and using the background of the research, has been the validation method of the current research. To confirm the themes and topics, consultation with experts has been on the agenda. The findings of the research are reported in the three dimensions of representational, interactive and hybrid roles, according to which, the women of Hijazi stories are placed in mainly binary categories around the superior signification of "religion, tradition and modernity". Following this, women's relationships and interactions are also classified into weak/strong, official/informal, active/passive, superior and inferior categories, and women are placed in each of these categories based on their assigned positions and positions. Therefore, we cannot and should not draw a general pattern of communication for all the women in the story.
Literature
Somayeh alsadat Tabatabaei
Abstract
Abstract
Shahrzad in Arabic Nights is not the only one who tells stories to escape from death; "Bondwoman" also clings to the thread of the story to escape from it. In competition with seven ministers, she tells stories about men's tricks and "Fountain of Magic" is one of them. ...
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Abstract
Shahrzad in Arabic Nights is not the only one who tells stories to escape from death; "Bondwoman" also clings to the thread of the story to escape from it. In competition with seven ministers, she tells stories about men's tricks and "Fountain of Magic" is one of them. Although this story is told in the language of a bondwoman and in defense of women, but in that "being a woman" is the worst calamity that can befall a man. Therefore, Egyptian feminist critics in the book: "(female) narrator said; Women's stories inspired by popular Arabic folktales", have emphasized it and tried to recreate it from a woman-centered point of view. "The story of Fahd in women world" and "The Fountain of life" are the results of this effort. We have used two approaches to read these women's narratives: Tzvetan Todorov's structuralist approach and feminist analysis. This choice has two reasons: First, the feminist analysis shows why the mentioned story is anti-feminist and it needs a feminine rewrite. It also clarifies how the feminist critics in their newly created narratives have erased the anti-feminist strains from "Fountain of Magic". Second, in the structural analysis of the narrative, we are going to to find out can such a reading help in receiving the anti-feminist strains of a text or understanding the female perspective in another text? The application of Todorov's poetic in its syntactic layer shows that all three narratives; the narrative of Arabic Nights and the woman's retellings, have a similar structure that fits into Todorov's model. But this approach fails to reveal and evaluate those layers of the text that are important for feminist critics. The application of Todorov's poetic in its syntactic layer shows that all three narratives; the narrative of Arabic Nights and the woman's retellings, have a similar structure that fits into Todorov's model. But this approach fails to reveal and evaluate those layers of the text that are important for feminist critics.
Literature
mahin hajizadeh; abdolahad gheibi; ghader ahmadi
Abstract
Character is a fundamental category in Arab literature, influencing both literary and nonliterary works. In resistance poetry, its significance is particularly conspicuous and vibrant. In order to double the impact of one's own words on the audience, the poet may express the characters indirectly and ...
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Character is a fundamental category in Arab literature, influencing both literary and nonliterary works. In resistance poetry, its significance is particularly conspicuous and vibrant. In order to double the impact of one's own words on the audience, the poet may express the characters indirectly and without specifying their names at times, as a result of the political and social conditions in the war-torn regions. At other times, the poet may do so explicitly. The character within the poem serves as an embodiment of the poet's thoughts and imagination. Through the portrayal of a living individual and the immersion of that persona into the realm of his imagination, the poet endeavors to establish a meaningful connection with the readership while also allowing the character to embody his own sentiments and behaviors. Philippe Hamon, a renowned and contemporary French theorist, is among the few authorities who has a precise and exhaustive theory of the context of character. A comprehensive understanding of the hidden meanings and concepts in characters can be attained by adhering to his perspective, which incorporates the views of earlier theorists.
By conceptualizing character as a symbolic context comprised of the signifier and the signified, Hamon broadens the fundamental semiotics of character. In doing so, he argues that character is not merely a psychological construct, but rather a real-world entity. Characters are processed in accordance with four principles, according to Hamon's theory: types, character dimensions, signifier, and signified. As a result of the shift in the political and social climate of the modern era, which compelled Nizar Qabbani to address women's issues and defend their violated rights, he devoted considerable poetic space to this segment of society and depicted the physical and spiritual beauty of women. Nizar's poetry exemplifies the exquisite unity of women and poetry; these two elements are so intertwined that they cannot be separated; this is the reason why she has earned the reputation of a woman poet within the realm of Arabic poetry. Hence, the poet's poems prominently feature the female context. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and draws upon Philip Hamon's personality theory to analyze the diverse facets of the female persona in Nizar's poetry courts. While emphasizing the significance of this context in Qabani's poems, it also clarifies its function as a means of conveying the poet's intended message. In conclusion, the research findings indicate that Nizar Qabbani's poems comprehensively illustrate every facet of Philip Hamon's theory. By opting for a moderate approach rather than ambiguity and a direct tone when expressing ideas in his poems, he has effectively increased the value of his poetry. One could say that Nizar's poetry and thoughts have elevated and evolved the status of women; the majority of the female characters in his romances are figurative, which is consistent with the general tone of his poems concerning the corrupt Arab society of the time. It is compatible because the poet often had to suffocate and communicate his ideas in an invisible manner. Furthermore, since he does not believe in the central reader, he employs the method of application the pronoun of the audience to represent the female characters. Thus, the character in question disappeared from the reader's mind and submerged her poem in an aura of ambiguity, which is the consequence of the ominous phenomenon o Furthermore, one may observe an intermediary, a pointer, or a reference, in addition to virtual characters. Frequently, the external and psychological aspects of the description of the female character are conveyed, and the poet employs a variety of literary devices, particularly similes, to establish an intimate connection with the reader. The reader is able to readily envision the poet's depicted character. Furthermore, an examination of the meaning reveals that the majority of the information regarding the nature of women originates from the poet himself. This is evident on both quantitative and qualitative levels, with the poet's descriptions being melancholic in the quantitative sense. And to evoke empathy in the audience, he added melancholy; he utilized both direct and indirect methods in the qualitative dimension. However, upon closer examination of the evidence, the reader discerns a discrepancy between the characters' portrayals and their actual performances, leading to the conclusion that the nomenclature and origin of certain characters are not connected to Hamon's theory
Literature
nadiya ahmadinik; gholamreza pirouz
Abstract
Abstract:The reflection of feminist ideas and projects in fiction texts caused women to have a great desire to create women centered texts at different times. Now, with a cursory look at the previous researches in the criticism of the novel The Curse of Gray (1381) by Mahsa Mohib Ali, it is clear that ...
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Abstract:The reflection of feminist ideas and projects in fiction texts caused women to have a great desire to create women centered texts at different times. Now, with a cursory look at the previous researches in the criticism of the novel The Curse of Gray (1381) by Mahsa Mohib Ali, it is clear that most of these researches in the form of articles and theses have considered this work as a feminist text only and have limited themselves to the analysis of the elements of this approach, while the authors in the upcoming essay have tried to face the neglected issue of other critics' researches regarding the feminist criticism of the novel The Curse of Gray with a serious question. It can be considered the most important premise of this essay to resolve the ambiguity of the author's approach with regard to his idealistic effort For this purpose, the authors of this article are trying to criticize and evaluate Mahsa Mohib Ali's critical and protest approach towards avantgarde feminism in the form of the novel "The Curse of Gray". This is a research article using the qualitative content analysis method, which has been prepared by using documentary, library, interview and authoritative websites based on the authors' inferences from the research data analysis. The most important achievement of this research is the extraction and in text analysis of elements in th e field o f radical feminism such as: parthenogenesis (virginity) anti-masculinity and realization of woman's individuality, which Mahsa Mohib Ali uses these cases in th e middle of the story by changing his opinion on this. The truth emphasizes that the radical teachings of radical feminism have not achieved appreciable success in reducing gender inequalities an d oppressions, an d this has questioned the theoretical foundations o f radical feminists.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; mohammad mahdi mkarimi
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is an important branch and approach of discourse analysis theory. As an interdisciplinary trend, this approach goes beyond the level of sentences and words in examining texts and pays attention to the context of the situation in which the text was formed. Norman ...
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Critical discourse analysis is an important branch and approach of discourse analysis theory. As an interdisciplinary trend, this approach goes beyond the level of sentences and words in examining texts and pays attention to the context of the situation in which the text was formed. Norman Fairclough is one of the theorists of this field, Whose theory has three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. This research tries to analyze the three Farklaf's critical discourse levels using the descriptive-analytical approach during the time of Lan Amut Sadi Jihad al-Rajbi to explain the author's ideology and speech. The research.s conclusions indicate that Jihad al-Rajbi has been able to present his point of view by using the function of words and semantic relations between them, the use of different metaphors of news and positive verbs and the function of plural pronouns. Also, by using intertextuality and invocation in Quranic texts and Islamic themes, he seeks to explain the situation governing Palestine. MR. Al-Rajbi expresses issues such as libertarianism, oppression and tyranny with a rhetorical discourse, and by strengthening the spirit of struggle, he seeks to acquire his own ideology and concepts such as gaining identity, freedom and fighting against the occupiers
Literature
Bahram Rezaei Vishesheraei; Mohammad Ali Khazane Darlo; mahmood Ranjbar
Abstract
One of the most important works in which the image of another, both "intra-cultural other" and "extra-cultural other" is reflected, is the travelogue. In this type of writing, images of women, men, cities, special places of pilgrimage, tourism, etc. can be the subject of imagery. This article is written ...
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One of the most important works in which the image of another, both "intra-cultural other" and "extra-cultural other" is reflected, is the travelogue. In this type of writing, images of women, men, cities, special places of pilgrimage, tourism, etc. can be the subject of imagery. This article is written in a descriptive-analytical way by combining the three approaches of critical discourse analysis, representation and imagery. The purpose of this research is to analyze the representation of various types of images of women and the assumptions that the author made in the framework of this type of representation. The results of the research show that in the travelogue "From Pariz to Paris" women with eastern and western nationalities are divided into two categories: historical women and contemporary women. The author represents the images of historical women indirectly and through the study of texts (intertextual) and the representation of images of contemporary women - who is either directly connected with them through personal experience or indirectly or directly , through communication with others (impersonal),has heard about them - with a combined experience (combination of face-to-face and impersonal experience).In this travelogue, the various titles of the author are placed in the shadow of the identity of "master intellectual of history" and with this identity, the image of contemporary women and historical court women and public women in the East and West is represented.
Literature
Arwa Assi; mahsa rone
Abstract
Feminist criticism is concerned with women's issues and the ideas regarding women in a text. As an approach to the differences between speech and texts of men and women, female writing is a valuable theory in feminist literary criticism. By drawing on a descriptive and analytical methodology, the present ...
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Feminist criticism is concerned with women's issues and the ideas regarding women in a text. As an approach to the differences between speech and texts of men and women, female writing is a valuable theory in feminist literary criticism. By drawing on a descriptive and analytical methodology, the present study analyzes the language and content of two women's journals in the Constitutional era, i.e., Danesh (“knowledge”) and Shokoufeh (“bloom”), using a "feminine writing" feminist approach and based on the perspectives of linguists such as Mills and Lakoff. Linguistic and content analysis of these magazines suggest that although the prose of female journalists in the earliest women's journals is void of heavy feminist connotations, the syntax contains many components of feminine writing style, such as high frequency of vague words, swearing on divine authority, use of intensifiers and adverbs expressing doubts, feminine emotional phrases in vocabulary, utilizing short sentences, relative and independent clauses, use of unfinished sentences, and questions. Thematically, too, female journalists discussed subjects different from those reflected in men's journals, like the imperative of female literacy, female health care, and hygiene, respecting their choice of spouse, revising men's conduct in interacting with them in the household and community, and comparing the conditions of Iranian women with women in advanced countries, to advance their social and individual demands.
Literature
Fahime Maleki Mareshk; Abolghasem Ghavam; Homa Zanjani Zadeh
Abstract
The purpose of the current research article is to investigate women's social identity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on Irving Goffman's theory or play performance. The theory based on the view that individuals play a role for their audience to present and keep the desired image of themselves to others ...
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The purpose of the current research article is to investigate women's social identity in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh based on Irving Goffman's theory or play performance. The theory based on the view that individuals play a role for their audience to present and keep the desired image of themselves to others in the society. Thus, the community stage is like the theater stage, in which people perform in interaction with each other The source is Ferdowsi's Shahnameh—edited by Khaleghi Motlagh. The research method is qualitative, and the technique used is content analysis. The research framework is a conceptual model. To analyze women's social identity, we used theatrical performance concepts, front stage, and venue. The results of the present study show that women in the heroic part of Shahnameh look to achieve a superior social identity by performing dramatic actions. To achieve this goal, they present the desired image of themselves and control the actions of others, and they use clothing and ornaments, gestures, and verbal articulations. In the heroic part of Shahnameh, women try to have a good relationship with famous and influential men to gain and keep their social identity. By performing dramatic actions and marrying and bonding with Iranian heroes and princes, they were in pursuit of achieving a superior social identity.
Literature
Ali Akbar Mohseni; Hoda Rezaei
Abstract
Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering ...
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Gender stereotypes arising from the culture of patriarchal societies introduce common and limiting beliefs about how individuals act in the family and society and the classification of society into masculine and feminine. The present article tries to show how Al-Saman has been able to draw suffering by examining the short story of "Jannat al-Bajja" by Ghada Al-Saman based on the most important principles of cultural criticism in the field of gender and challenging the dominant patriarchal discourse using descriptive-analytical method. Women in the family as an obedient and passive identity in a people-oriented environment, show the transformation of these women and the recovery of their independent identity in an equal environment in the context of their story. The most important area criticized by Al-Saman is the popular culture of Arab societies, which has failed to adapt to the principles of the contemporary modernist movement. Explaining that Al-Saman also depicts the pathology of gender stereotypes in men and also shows the extent of cultural error about men as the upper class of patriarchal society. Criticism of gender inequalities, the harms of the patriarchal system, women's self-destruction in an unequal gender environment, the conflict between the principles of tradition and modernity, and the reduction of women to sexual identity are some of the most important issues that Al-Saman highlights in his stories.
Literature
Marzieh imani; Reza Pishghadam; Shima Ebrahimi
Abstract
A strong, healthy teacher-student connection helps to create an environment conducive to personal and academic progress. Stroke is the point at which a healthy relationship starts to deviate from an unhealthy one in terms of behavior and words. Generally, strokes have been given in a conventional and ...
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A strong, healthy teacher-student connection helps to create an environment conducive to personal and academic progress. Stroke is the point at which a healthy relationship starts to deviate from an unhealthy one in terms of behavior and words. Generally, strokes have been given in a conventional and non-literary manner, but the literary form of strokes has been advocated as a way to open up an opportunity for the creative use of language, as well as the construction of a relationship between language, culture, and literature. The purpose of this quantitative research is to determine students' preferences for literary and non-literary strokes. Gender disparities in preference for literary and non-literary strokes are investigated to account for males' and females' preferences. Despite growing up in the same biological and cultural environment, they may have opposing viewpoints. The convenience sample technique was used to choose 411 students (133 men and 278 females) from a variety of majors and stages of study. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with literary and non-literary strokes. Results suggested that female students tended to choose non-literary strokes, while male students favored literary strokes. The reason for female students’ preference for non-literary strokes and male students’ preference for literary strokes may be attributed to their personality traits, communication styles and social status. Other contributing aspects include the lack of intimate relationships between teachers and students of the opposite gender as well as differences in literary and non-literary language features.
Literature
Ali Asqar Kalantar; laleh mola
Abstract
AbstractUrban legends and fairytales use symbols and archetypes to bring forth, and describe, individual and collective actions and reactions in a society. Using an approach of both descriptive and comparative nature, the present article uses narrative analysis method to conduct an exploration of two ...
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AbstractUrban legends and fairytales use symbols and archetypes to bring forth, and describe, individual and collective actions and reactions in a society. Using an approach of both descriptive and comparative nature, the present article uses narrative analysis method to conduct an exploration of two similar legends of Beauty and the Beast, from European culture, and Shāhmār, from Iranian culture. The research question is the following; in the two narratives under study, what is described as the ideal epitome of a woman through the evolutionary course of moving from girlhood to womanhood by means of marriage? To answer this question, using the notion of “transformation” in the ideas of John Hinnells as well as the description of marriage as the “transformation of matrimony” based upon the ideas of Joseph Campbell about the evolutionary journey of mythical heroes, the condition of the heroines of both legends- along their path that leads to transformation of matrimony- was studied and analyzed. The results of the research show that the evolution of the heroine of Beauty and the Beast is based upon going past the state of girlhood to the state of womanhood by means of love and union with a creature which looks like a beast, a creature whose hidden inner beauty is unveiled and revealed after experiencing love, leading to the end of the story. In Shāhmār, however, love and union is created only when human nature of the beast is revealed, as this is the point where the eventual evolution of woman, namely, accepting the role of motherhood, starts; protecting the love and matrimony is thus introduced as the ideal and that which is of prime importance.
Literature
Maryam Hoseini; Maryam Nouri
Abstract
The research analyzes Naghme Samini's dramas based on Durant Gilbert's mythocriticque. The theory and method of myth-analysis were initially introduced by Gilbert Durand. In this theory and method, the texts and hypertexts, such as author’s life, are simultaneously important. Myth-analysis is an ...
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The research analyzes Naghme Samini's dramas based on Durant Gilbert's mythocriticque. The theory and method of myth-analysis were initially introduced by Gilbert Durand. In this theory and method, the texts and hypertexts, such as author’s life, are simultaneously important. Myth-analysis is an interdisciplinary criticism, and its process and method can be divided into three stages: symbol-analysis, psychometric and myth-analysis. According to Durand, there is a relationship among all works of an author; personal myth of the author’s mind can be understood through examining them. Based on the original and primary myths, he deeply analyses a work of an author and focuses on the primitive original myths in the last stage of analysis. He states that although a text and work of art plays a main role, this text is not apart from the author and his living environment. Naghme Samini is a contemporary Iranian playwright; due to her interest in myths, archetypes and history, her playwrights deserve analysis from the viewpoint of Gilbert Durand’s mythology. In this research, five plays and two research books written by Naghme Samini have been selected and examined. In the first stage, namely symbol-analysis stage which relies on the text, the selected works were firstly studied. They were then criticized and analyzed through examining symbols, characters and archetypal acts using valid books; this was the first stage of Durand’s mythology. As the second stage, psychometric, which relies on hypertext, was completed through examining the author’s autobiography as well as asking questions from the author himself. Finally, with a general analysis of the previous stages and combination of the results, the final stage, the mythology of the works was fulfilled in order to achieve the personal myth of author’s mind and then the collective myth of her thought. The data were collected using library studies and valid sources and books, and the research method was analytical-descriptive. The research results show that mental concerns of Naghme Samini mostly include the issues related to war and women. Her most important personal myth is Shahrzad, and her narration is to rescue a part that expands on other women through a collective perspective on myth-building.
Literature
Mohammad Mirzaii Rashnoo; Yossof Ali Biranvand; Ali Sajadi
Abstract
Among mythical illustrations on Lorestan bronzes, there is a woman that seems to be a fertility goddess. Woman images were obtained of the bronze explorers discovered in the Sorkh Dom e Lori area of Kohdasht, Lorestan, Iran. Given the temple's excavation area, it's likely that the woman was the fertility ...
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Among mythical illustrations on Lorestan bronzes, there is a woman that seems to be a fertility goddess. Woman images were obtained of the bronze explorers discovered in the Sorkh Dom e Lori area of Kohdasht, Lorestan, Iran. Given the temple's excavation area, it's likely that the woman was the fertility goddess and this matter explains value of women in this region. Sometimes this woman's face has been carved along with pomegranate, fish and so on. Sometimes this has also been depicted naked and being childbirth, along with ram and octamerous flower. The purpose of this study was to revelate the image of this painted lady on the bronze pinheads of Sorkh Dom, Lorestan. Thus, with descriptive-analytic method, we studied and analyzed the symbols of these pinheads. The research questions are: 1) How are the images of the mother goddess in Lorestan bronze pinheads? 2) What are the mother goddess symbols in Lorestan bronze pinheads? The results of the research showed that in addition to the woman's image, other paints along with him, including fish, pomegranate and animals such as ram, are also signs and symbols of the fertility goddess. The octamerous flowers, and the number seven, signify abundance.
Literature
Ehsan Ghabool; Abdollah Radmard; Zahra Shariatpanah
Abstract
Literary and historical texts can be considered as the most important tool in recognizing the images of women of different ethnic groups in the past. Imagology is the knowledge to classify and analyze the images of women in these texts on a systematic and scientific basis. The travelogues are among the ...
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Literary and historical texts can be considered as the most important tool in recognizing the images of women of different ethnic groups in the past. Imagology is the knowledge to classify and analyze the images of women in these texts on a systematic and scientific basis. The travelogues are among the literary texts, which represents a fairly realistic image of women. One of the most comprehensive travelogues in the eighth century is Ibn Battutah's travelogue. In this article, we are going to identify and classify a variety of women's images in this travelogue. Accordingly, in primary images of the women from Turkic, Mongolian, Iranian, Chinese and Indian countries, the classification are conducted from three perspectives of appearance and covering, marriage, and attendance in social activities, and then the valuation attitude of Ibn Battutah has been reviewed for each image. The results of this study introduce new images of the women of these nations in Ibn Battutah's travelogue. Thus, the results confirm the hypothesis that Ibn Battutah's religious presuppositions have influenced his evaluation attitude toward women of different ethnic groups, representing itself in Turkic tribes and Mogul, Iran, India and China.
Literature
Mahshad Shahbazi; Mahbood Fazeli; Maryam Hoseini
Abstract
According to the theory of renowned American feminist critic, Ellen Showalter, in the study of any sub-culture, including women’s literary sub-culture, we witness the process of three main stages of imitation, protest, and self-awareness in the works of Iranian women novelists. To describe this ...
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According to the theory of renowned American feminist critic, Ellen Showalter, in the study of any sub-culture, including women’s literary sub-culture, we witness the process of three main stages of imitation, protest, and self-awareness in the works of Iranian women novelists. To describe this process, Showalter developed three stages of transformation as Feminine stage, Feminist stage, and Female stage. As Feminine, the women novelist imitates overwhelming male traditions and patterns. As Feminist, the women novelist protests rooted values and measures in literature. As Female, the women novelist returns to herself to discover personal identity and self-awareness. The present study has extensively reviewed thirty three novels of Iranian women novelist in the last half century from 1960 to 2010. This study, with an eye on Showalter’s feminist theory considers transformation process of self-awareness in female writers of Iran and defines its evolution through the predetermined stages. As the result of present study, it was logically evident to claim that Showalter’s model comprehensively applies to the Iranian female literary subculture. Nevertheless, it must be noted that evolution from second to third stage was not broadly evident and only happened in the work of Shahrnush Parsipur titled “Blue Logos”. We may also need to study more works of Iranian women novelist to search for the third stage enhancements.
