Samaneh Salek; Farideh Talebpour; Bahar Mokhtarian
Abstract
Rites are a collection of actions and speeches held in a culture and community and believe that existence of the effective presence of supernatural beings can influence them in particular ways. A number of them are collective rituals, which votive charities are from this group. A significant portion ...
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Rites are a collection of actions and speeches held in a culture and community and believe that existence of the effective presence of supernatural beings can influence them in particular ways. A number of them are collective rituals, which votive charities are from this group. A significant portion of them are performed only by women and only in the presence of women. In this article, we have attempted to answer the question of how can the votive charities in Iran be regarded as a rites de passage? According to the results of the survey, these small communities, though not defined by Arnold Van Gennep, are not fully indicative of rites de passage stages; but with the more developed Turner's perspective, the components of these rituals can show Turner's stages. The present research is based on recognition of a part of Iranian women rituals that have been so far less scientifically explored, and are usually only referred to as folk customs. Therefore, a number of votive charity in five regions, have been studied by qualitative method using rites de passage theory based on the analysis of ritual components according to the nature of the passage stages. It can be said that there have been examples of communities and liminality, as well as the forms of the sacrament transmission.
Leila Enayatzadeh; Mahmoud Ghazi Tabatabai
Abstract
Although divorce affects many parts of the society including spouses, children and, families, the entire social life cycle of individuals, the kind of individuals' experiences, based on their gender, Subjectivity in the process, degree of involvement. It may be perceived by the individuals as a positive ...
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Although divorce affects many parts of the society including spouses, children and, families, the entire social life cycle of individuals, the kind of individuals' experiences, based on their gender, Subjectivity in the process, degree of involvement. It may be perceived by the individuals as a positive or a negative experience. Given the differences in divorce men's experiences and the fact that some cultural factors in the Kurdish society reduce woman's role to an object in the marital life, this study was done to find Kurdish divorced women's life experience and to arrive at an understanding of their challenges and growth opportunities. Hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used in this study. The number of participants based on purposive sampling includes 19 divorced women in the Saqqez city. The theory developed and proposed by Kaslue and Mezirow was used as the framework for organizing the data and through the individual interviews the following themes were derived: 1. the process of divorce; 2. the consequences of divorce; 3. self-perceptions; 4. personal emotions; 5. behavioral reactions to divorce and 6. attitude toward divorce.
Literature
Maryam Hoseini; Maryam Nouri
Abstract
The research analyzes Naghme Samini's dramas based on Durant Gilbert's mythocriticque. The theory and method of myth-analysis were initially introduced by Gilbert Durand. In this theory and method, the texts and hypertexts, such as author’s life, are simultaneously important. Myth-analysis is an ...
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The research analyzes Naghme Samini's dramas based on Durant Gilbert's mythocriticque. The theory and method of myth-analysis were initially introduced by Gilbert Durand. In this theory and method, the texts and hypertexts, such as author’s life, are simultaneously important. Myth-analysis is an interdisciplinary criticism, and its process and method can be divided into three stages: symbol-analysis, psychometric and myth-analysis. According to Durand, there is a relationship among all works of an author; personal myth of the author’s mind can be understood through examining them. Based on the original and primary myths, he deeply analyses a work of an author and focuses on the primitive original myths in the last stage of analysis. He states that although a text and work of art plays a main role, this text is not apart from the author and his living environment. Naghme Samini is a contemporary Iranian playwright; due to her interest in myths, archetypes and history, her playwrights deserve analysis from the viewpoint of Gilbert Durand’s mythology. In this research, five plays and two research books written by Naghme Samini have been selected and examined. In the first stage, namely symbol-analysis stage which relies on the text, the selected works were firstly studied. They were then criticized and analyzed through examining symbols, characters and archetypal acts using valid books; this was the first stage of Durand’s mythology. As the second stage, psychometric, which relies on hypertext, was completed through examining the author’s autobiography as well as asking questions from the author himself. Finally, with a general analysis of the previous stages and combination of the results, the final stage, the mythology of the works was fulfilled in order to achieve the personal myth of author’s mind and then the collective myth of her thought. The data were collected using library studies and valid sources and books, and the research method was analytical-descriptive. The research results show that mental concerns of Naghme Samini mostly include the issues related to war and women. Her most important personal myth is Shahrzad, and her narration is to rescue a part that expands on other women through a collective perspective on myth-building.
Art
Mahnaz Jahani; Sahar Changiz
Abstract
Change of women’s clothing during the Qajar era, has given a reason to many experts and researchers to consider the issue in their writings, even so short. Given that not much research has been performed on how and why the clothing style changed during Qajar era as well as its relationship with ...
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Change of women’s clothing during the Qajar era, has given a reason to many experts and researchers to consider the issue in their writings, even so short. Given that not much research has been performed on how and why the clothing style changed during Qajar era as well as its relationship with fashion’s evolution, a deeper and more detailed research seems to be necessary in order to identify the reason for change of women’s costume. The current comparative study aims to evaluate the similarities and differences of women’s costume in Fath-ali-Shah and Naser-al-Din Shah’s court, focusing on fashion and comparing indoor/outer garment components. Indoor garment components included Shaliteh (Breeches), shirts, Arkhalig and headwear, and outer garments included Chador, Chaghchoor and Burqa. Considering that some factors, such as religious views, politics, economy as well as psychological aspects of the kings have direct impact on fashion and its changes, this study using a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical methodology and emphasizing on two Qajar dynasties, aims to evaluate available pictures collected from this era and study the documents and logbooks which are about costume classifications and frequently used fashion in Qajar’s court, in order to identify and introduce those elements which have influence on evolution or stability of clothing style in this era. Finally, this study has shown that women’s religious view was an important forbidding factor against drastic changes in clothing style and fashion. In other words, women had not a passive role in choosing their clothes. It was also found that kings’ will and views were two significant factors impacting women’s fashion and clothing styles in the kings’ court.
Communications
Zahra Ardekani Fard; MohamadJavad GholamrezaKashi
Abstract
AbstractSocial media brings the benefit to people to make their voices heard, an opportunity which was not accessible in the past. In this article, we have shown that this opportunity has led to the emergence of feminine religion. Women used to be less able to talk about religion - in terms of preaching, ...
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AbstractSocial media brings the benefit to people to make their voices heard, an opportunity which was not accessible in the past. In this article, we have shown that this opportunity has led to the emergence of feminine religion. Women used to be less able to talk about religion - in terms of preaching, advices, explanations and interpretations - but through these networks they have been able to produce extensive content about their religion and religious beliefs. The feminine religion is not always reflected in the same fashion, of course, but in a spectrum of beliefs among the women active in the social media. We can consider all the contents in this area in one picture and discuss the emergence of a new opportunity in Iranian society based on the commonalities between the contents. We have shown that the expression of women in religious life with the help of new media has put the traditional institution of religion in a new position. In addition to the challenges it has caused, unparalleled opportunities are also created for religion continuation. At the same time, feminine religious expressions have played a role in limiting the spread of anti-religious sentiments and have achieved many of the desired goals of religious intellectuals in practice. This study examines the feminine mediatized religion presented on Instagram analyzing the discourses in Iranian women's narratives of religion. For this purpose, five Instagram pages have been examined using the Fairclough discourse analysis method. The results indicate the existence of a feminine religious structure which is characterized by search for oneness, call to life, and production of new teachings in the field of religion.
Mahdi Hamed Saghaian; Minoo Sahaf Moghadam
Abstract
An archetype is the reflection of universal concepts and perceptions of a single subject in the collective subconscious. One of its main concepts is the mother archetype, widely present in ancient myths and stories in terms of variety in meaning and form. This study investigated female character based ...
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An archetype is the reflection of universal concepts and perceptions of a single subject in the collective subconscious. One of its main concepts is the mother archetype, widely present in ancient myths and stories in terms of variety in meaning and form. This study investigated female character based on Gustav Jung's theories about the Mother Archetype. A previous relevant study investigated the mother archetype and Jung theories in literary works such as poetry and fiction. Only two works have investigated the play The Sky Horses Rain Ashes, which differ from this study in terms of scientific theory and character study. The questions that this study sought to answer are as follows: 1) How have the components of the mother archetype been reflected in the play The Sky Horses Rain Ashes? and 2) How is the mother archetype represented in the personal subconscious of the character of the play The Sky Horses Rain Ashes? The main goal was to show that the use of the mother archetype in the play is aimed at raising and processing its character. The results indicated the representation of female symbols and elements in the real and virtual forms of the mother archetype in the characters of the play. The reflection of the mother's archetype in the real form includes: creativity, support, purity, divinity, giving hope, liberation, reflection of life in the subconscious mind (doubt, mother complex, pain, suffering, loneliness) and that in the virtual form is in natural elements, including the effect of past life on the subconscious mind in the symbolic form of the mother's uterus, rebirth, guardianship, and security provision. This study was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and written library sources.
Art
fatemeh shirazi; nastaran noroozi
Abstract
Genette's transtextuality is one of the important topics in reading and checking the relationships between texts, which has checked these relationships in its various forms and is divided into five main categories. This research, based on Genette's transtextuality, has studied one of the clothes in the ...
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Genette's transtextuality is one of the important topics in reading and checking the relationships between texts, which has checked these relationships in its various forms and is divided into five main categories. This research, based on Genette's transtextuality, has studied one of the clothes in the Royal Clothing Museum. This dress is a Hypertexte, the Hypotexte of which is the needlework clothing of the women of Baluchistan region, hence a connection between these texts has been formed which can be investigated.This connection is important because Baloch needlework is one of these artistic and original stitches, which is used in the clothing of Baloch women and girls and for the purpose of decoration and grooming. Although Baloch needlework has an identity and originality in terms of motif and color, structure, sewing method and execution technique and materials used, as well as functionality that has kept it to this day, But in the Pahlavi period, especially in the 1950s, a modern and contemporary reading of this pure art was carried out, which appeared in the court and royal clothing of men and women of the Pahlavi family and their close relatives.soThe purpose of this research is to study and investigate how the needlework of this Pahlavi family dress is related to its Hypotexte in Baloch needlework and answers these questions. How is the relationship between this royal dress of the Pahlavi court and its Baloch needlework Hypotextes based on Genette's transtextuality explained? And what changes have taken place in the process of forming this relationship? This research was conducted in an analytical-comparative and descriptive manner, based on Genette's Hypertexyualité, and the data analysis in it is qualitative. This research showed that the relationship between two texts is Hypertexyualité and the Transformation from Hypotexte to Hypertexte was accompanied by changes in the Visual structure, environment, discourse, function, user, etc
cultural
Mehran Sohrabzade; Atiye Hamami
Abstract
Mate selection is either the effect of the love or romantic relationship or a cause of formation of pre-marital romantic relationships among today’s generations. Few number of sociological researches performed in this area necessitates its examination. So, the current research aims to present ...
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Mate selection is either the effect of the love or romantic relationship or a cause of formation of pre-marital romantic relationships among today’s generations. Few number of sociological researches performed in this area necessitates its examination. So, the current research aims to present a deep understanding of romantic relationship and its destructive aspects among women. This study attempts to investigate the concept of love, reasons of women’s tendency to the romantic relationship and how they interact in such relationships. This study uses a qualitative research along with a case study method. Theoretical sampling according to the theoretical saturation and analytic induction gave rise to selection of 20 women who had experienced romantic relationships. Results showed that emotional reduction and strict importance of satisfaction of emotional need can lead to unequal romantic relationship, so women consider love as an emotional shelter. Conditions which intensify emotional need of women include: authoritarian/ neglecting family as well as emotional rivalry among friends; therefore, they see their beloved as the exclusive source to meet their emotional need. In conclusion, they pursue a behavioral passivity and identical simulation in their interaction with their beloved. The consequence will be that they will be socially neglected while facing emotional breakdown if split-up occurs.
Sociology
Malihe Shiani; Hanan Zare
Abstract
Social capital has become an important subject in recent decade and is seriously considered in the physical and human capital, moreover, this complex, multi-faceted concept is one of the most important dynamic elements of social, cultural, economic concept in any society, organization and institution. ...
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Social capital has become an important subject in recent decade and is seriously considered in the physical and human capital, moreover, this complex, multi-faceted concept is one of the most important dynamic elements of social, cultural, economic concept in any society, organization and institution. In addition, one of the most important criteria to measure the degree of development of a country is the significance of women role as half of the population. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to study social capital among employed women. The method of research was survey by using questionnaire technique. In order to measure reliability and validity, we used Cronbach's coefficient alpha and two types of validity including face and construct validity. Employed women were selected by random sample in industrial estate in Tehran. Findings have shown that the amount of social capital among these women was average.
Sociology
Mohammad Abbaszadeh; Narmin Nikdel
Abstract
Marriage as a social, biological and cultural event, has significant effects on demographic structure and consequently on the structure of respective institutions. The growing trend of increase age of marriage, especially among females, is a new phenomenon which plays a fundamental role in development ...
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Marriage as a social, biological and cultural event, has significant effects on demographic structure and consequently on the structure of respective institutions. The growing trend of increase age of marriage, especially among females, is a new phenomenon which plays a fundamental role in development of this structure through the evolution of family. Accordingly, the current research seeks to review and explore the contexts and conditions of delay in females’ age of marriage, using qualitative method and phenomenological approach. For this purpose, 20 girls over 30 years old were studied using the purposive sampling method and deep semi-structured interview in a narrative form. The results of the analysis of the participants' experiences led to identifying 346 initial codes, 9 primary sub-codes, 9 secondary sub-codes, and two main codes including personal contexts and social and cultural contexts. The most important obstacles to females marriage were conceptualized in the form of ideological patterns, psychological patterns, time-related experiences, development of relations between the sexes, filtering by significant others and the weakness of moral principles. The results of the analysis of explored themes showed that contexts and conditions of delay in females’ age of marriage are much more complex than some factors generally provided.
Archeology
Behrouz Afkhami; Taghi Zinizadeh; Seyyed Mehdi Hosseyninia
Abstract
Women’s position in historical periods and their participation in political and administrative affairs of government are considered as one of the main issues in development of societies. Women participation in societies is considered as a proper index to measure the rate of intellectual growth ...
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Women’s position in historical periods and their participation in political and administrative affairs of government are considered as one of the main issues in development of societies. Women participation in societies is considered as a proper index to measure the rate of intellectual growth of the people of a society. This document examines the position of women in Iranian civilizations and Mesopotamia in the given historical periods (achaemenid and Assyrian). Among the most important archaeological evidence, monuments and relics of historical eras, we considered the role of women in political arena. The aim of this paper is to examine the position of women of the achaemenid era and compare it with Assyrian civilization and provide clear image of their performance based on existing documentation. This study is kind of a historical research with descriptive - analytical approach and adaptation of archaeological evidence ranging from Seals and Rock paintings to analyze the status of woman in the civilizations of Iran and Mesopotamia in the given historical periods using archaeological evidence. We have concluded that despite the th influences of Assyrian images on the achaemenid ones, we can say that indicators including respect for women, women participation in political and economic activities, and women autonomy and individual freedoms in private life in achaemenid women is higher than those indicators in the Assyrian period.
Naser Nikubakht; Ehsan Zivaralam
Abstract
Ferdowsi's Shahname is a Literary work with many and varied personalities which can be converted to dramatic texts, but it needs to analyze on basis theories of dramatic characterization. Characterization of the protagonist of the play, as a key element of the show has a special component such as action ...
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Ferdowsi's Shahname is a Literary work with many and varied personalities which can be converted to dramatic texts, but it needs to analyze on basis theories of dramatic characterization. Characterization of the protagonist of the play, as a key element of the show has a special component such as action and motivation to handle dramatic action, a physical and mental characteristic that distinguishes his/her from a fictional character. Sudabeh is one of the most interesting characters in Shahname. Her character traits are analogous Phaedra on a play of the same name by Jean Racine, French dramatist. She possesses features of a dramatic hero and in this paper have been tried to show Ferdowsi's artistic method Sudabeh besides Component of characterization how have highlighted her on center of a play. In recent years, the theories of the characterization used to analyze fictional characters in ancient literature, are classical theories which are now being questioned. It needs to be addressed with new approaches to the critical analysis. One of the theories of dramatic characterization is theory of action figures which is evaluated based on the action of characters in the context of the script.
psychology
Shahram Noorisamarin; Alireza Noori
Abstract
Given the range of spirituality in different aspects of human life and the need to evaluate the role of spirituality in quality of life, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between dimensions of quality of life and the dimensions of spiritual intelligence ...
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Given the range of spirituality in different aspects of human life and the need to evaluate the role of spirituality in quality of life, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between dimensions of quality of life and the dimensions of spiritual intelligence in female nurses working in Ahvaz' hospitals. This study has a descriptive and correlation method. The sample included 200 married female nurses who were selected by stratified random sampling. Data have been gathered by the questionnaires of King Spiritual Intelligence and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (short form). Data have been analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regressions. There were a meaningful positive relationship among spiritual intelligence and its dimensions, the personal meaning-production, transcendental consciousness and critical existential thinking with quality of life. However, the personal meaning-production of the spiritual intelligence, conscious state expansion and transcendental consciousness has significant and positive relationship with the quality of life and its components. It can be concluded that the dimensions of spiritual intelligence explained 9.3 percent of the variance quality of life.
Mojtaba Torkian Demneh; Manijeh Maghsoudi
Abstract
The evaluation of the kinship, family and marriage systems in pre-Islamic Iran, mainly Sassanid era, and today Iranian Zoroastrian has been carried out in this study with diachronic approach. The changes in kinship system in pre-Islamic Iran and modern Zoroastrian in Iran had been assessed via library ...
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The evaluation of the kinship, family and marriage systems in pre-Islamic Iran, mainly Sassanid era, and today Iranian Zoroastrian has been carried out in this study with diachronic approach. The changes in kinship system in pre-Islamic Iran and modern Zoroastrian in Iran had been assessed via library research methods, and ethnographic methods. In this study, the changes were assessed according to Claude Rivière and G. P. Murdock viewpoint of the kinship, family and marriage systems. These two scholars assumed the least changes in kinship system, and among kinship elements. Rivière believed that the most impact is related to the marriage. In this research, this theory analyzed and its accuracy is confirmed according to the findings. Moreover, the assumptions like the passage of cultural components from the simple elements to the developed elements are conflicted according to the findings of this study. Therefore, it has been distinguished that the cultural components does not necessarily move from the simple to the complicacy and does not necessarily change it as well.
Fahime Maleki Mareshk; Abolghasem Ghavam; homa Zanjani Zadeh
Abstract
AbstractIdentity is a mental state for recognition, which can be found in the characteristics distinguishing each individual. The study of women's identity has been the subject of research through various means in the literature. The Shahnameh or the long epic poem book, written by the Persian ...
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AbstractIdentity is a mental state for recognition, which can be found in the characteristics distinguishing each individual. The study of women's identity has been the subject of research through various means in the literature. The Shahnameh or the long epic poem book, written by the Persian Poet Ferdowsi, is continually playing a crucial role in the cultural and social heritage of Iranians. The book is an acceptable source to study women’s identity in Persian territory. The research version of the text is edited by Dr. Khaleghi Motlaq and the research methodology, itself, is qualitative. Content analysis is the technique, used in the present study. The research framework is a conceptual model where two fundamental concepts of “I” and “me” are used to analyze women’s actions in Shahnameh. This analysis shows that their identity is the result of the superiority of the word "I" in nature. In the actions of all the characters, except Sindokht, the "I" is more obvious than the word "Me". When it comes to choose or decide, the women do actions, which are subliminal to their consciousness. However, when they act contrary to the traditional norms and expectations, the "I" becomes apparent. It is the occurrence of these different and norm-breaking actions that cause their individualities. Boldness in love, courage, warfare, wisdom, and politics can be considered as the identifying features of women in the heroic part of the Shahnameh..
Sara Sadeghi; Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh; Saeed Rahimi; Zahra Cheraghi
Abstract
One of the most common cultural and social practices among the people of the world is tattooing. One of the functions of a tattoo is to represent individual and social beliefs. This article tries to identify the patterns and motives of Lorestan women by looking at their tattoos. The purpose of this study ...
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One of the most common cultural and social practices among the people of the world is tattooing. One of the functions of a tattoo is to represent individual and social beliefs. This article tries to identify the patterns and motives of Lorestan women by looking at their tattoos. The purpose of this study is to show the main motivation of Lorestan women tattoos. This descriptive-analytical research has tried to achieve common forms in tattoo drawing by collecting library and field information. The importance of addressing this issue is that, on the one hand, the prevalence of tattooing as an act in Iranian society is undeniable, and on the other hand, research on tattooing is more in line with existing sources in Western studies, while this Art, like many other arts, has specific regional and cultural characteristics in each community. The statistical population of Lor women is between 50 and 60 years old who have had tattoos on their body more than 4 times. According to the present study, tattoo designs and their creation on the body, in addition to aesthetic value, also have significant motivations that are rooted in individual, ritual, myths, cultural and historical contexts of the same society.
hadi Alemzadeh; Fariba kazamnia
Volume 1, Issue 1 , February 2010
Abstract
Family is a social-biological institution and it is one of the most fundamental institutions of society. This article explores the structure of the family institution in Iran at the historical period from the Taherid dynasty to Mongols, to analyze the impact of the bondswomen on twofold function of the ...
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Family is a social-biological institution and it is one of the most fundamental institutions of society. This article explores the structure of the family institution in Iran at the historical period from the Taherid dynasty to Mongols, to analyze the impact of the bondswomen on twofold function of the family. The family is taken into consideration as the institution which has been provided the individual’s emotional- sexual needs and the social- cultural security for reproduction and training children. In this regard, the paper seeks the functional roles of the bondswomen and the free women and it also goes through the other tasks of the bondswomen in the family institution to examine if there are any relations between the superabundance of the bondswomen and changes in family system
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Akram RoshanFekr
Volume 1, Issue 2 , February 2010
Abstract
In recent centuries, women were provided with the proper space to be active in social, political, economical, cultural, intellectual and literary areas. Therefore, they have done valuable activities and helped their countries to achieve increasing growth and manage fundamental changes.
In this regard, ...
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In recent centuries, women were provided with the proper space to be active in social, political, economical, cultural, intellectual and literary areas. Therefore, they have done valuable activities and helped their countries to achieve increasing growth and manage fundamental changes.
In this regard, the Lebanese women have been active, despite all difficulties they have encountered. They try to present their ideas and activities in cultural and political conferences inside and outside the country. Simultaneously, they release the artistic and literary works which are so qualified and unique specifically comparing the similar works produced in other Arabic countries.
maryam hoseini; faranak jahanbakhsh
Volume 2, Issue 3 , June 2010
Abstract
The feminist literary criticism is a kind of criticism which deals with the masculine works and unveils the gynophobia of literary system. This school of thought believes that the masculine norms rule over literature and feminine experiences, desires, interests and emotions have turned pale and have ...
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The feminist literary criticism is a kind of criticism which deals with the masculine works and unveils the gynophobia of literary system. This school of thought believes that the masculine norms rule over literature and feminine experiences, desires, interests and emotions have turned pale and have been shown unimportant under these norms. So, the feminist literary criticism intends to reveal these masculine literary traditions by studying and analyzing texts from a gyno-oriented view to express how literary texts support gender distinctions in culture. This article criticizes three novels written by Mohammad Mohammad-Ali with a feminist approach emphasizing the significant factors such as the male chauvinism, sexual discrimination, violence, etc against women exploiting the documentary method. Women's status in Mohammad-Ali's novels gradually improves and their social relations become more and more complicated. Themes of identity exploration and self identification and also reciprocity of generations, which are amongst the most important themes of Mohammad-Ali's novels, well depict women’s gradual improvements in these stories and reveal specific approaches of the author base of a gyno-oriented view.
Mohammad Rezaei; Somayeh Afshar
Volume 2, Issue 4 , July 2010
AbdolReza Seif; mona babaii; zeinab zarhani
Volume 2, دوره 2،شماره 1 , January 2011
Abstract
The Arab nation is considered a united nation which is integrated for the common language, culture, history and destiny. Thus, the Arab nationalism is highlighted in the Palestinian women’s literature in which the thoughts and concepts of Arab Ummah id well represented. The Palestinian women believe ...
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The Arab nation is considered a united nation which is integrated for the common language, culture, history and destiny. Thus, the Arab nationalism is highlighted in the Palestinian women’s literature in which the thoughts and concepts of Arab Ummah id well represented. The Palestinian women believe in their country as a inseparable part of the “Great Arab Land” and they attempt to encourage the Arab world to make Palestine free
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Mahmood Reza Tavakoli Mohammadi
Abstract
In the constitutional era, the Persian poetry knew new poetry implications in the side of the old content defined by the Persian literature in previous eras. This is why we call this era, the era of radical change in the old contents. Familiarity with the western literature, political and social developments ...
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In the constitutional era, the Persian poetry knew new poetry implications in the side of the old content defined by the Persian literature in previous eras. This is why we call this era, the era of radical change in the old contents. Familiarity with the western literature, political and social developments in Iran, enlightenment, tyranny, internal and external colonialism are among the factors that play an active role in this regard. This, in turn, has affected the lives of women in Iran not limiting its impact to the political and social life. Therefore, Iranian women knew their place in Iranian society and tried to get involved in the Iranian society and the defense of the homeland. This article tried to study poetic divans for Iranian women poets and look for the content of poetry in this regard. Considerable attempts of Iranian women to defend their homeland, their awareness of their place in the real Iranian society and the change in women’s attitude towards men are among the most important issues, and their reflections in the poems women poets in the constitutional era have been analyzed.
cultural
Azam Ravadrad; Foroogh Mohammadi
Abstract
Not only does media reflect realities but also it shapes them and while being effective on our knowledge of world surrounding us. Over the recent decade, women, along with their traditional roles, have approached new social activities, which were considered exclusively masculine in the past, and have ...
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Not only does media reflect realities but also it shapes them and while being effective on our knowledge of world surrounding us. Over the recent decade, women, along with their traditional roles, have approached new social activities, which were considered exclusively masculine in the past, and have created a stable status for themselves. But it seems that this change is not considered by T.V. advertisements. Advertisements are still representing a kind of stereotypical image of women with its emphasis more and more on their traditional and constructed characteristics. In this study, we are interested in knowing how women in advertisements are represented in Iran and USA. First a review of some pieces of research in the subject is presented in which the manner of representation of women is described according to case of USA. Then some comparable categories are derived from those investigations and are applied to the case of Iran. The findings show that the difference between the representations of women in TV advertisements of both countries is very slight. In most cases, these advertisements are similar and both attribute stereotypical roles and characteristics to women.
Sociology
Marzieh Ghaviadel Darestani; Mohammad Mahdi Rahmati; Hasan Chavoshiyan
Abstract
Children are one of the most important media audiences. This present research has studied children’s television programs on Iran TV2 using Tuchman and Connell’s feminist theory and content analysis method. The purpose of this research is to study the representation of femininity and masculinity ...
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Children are one of the most important media audiences. This present research has studied children’s television programs on Iran TV2 using Tuchman and Connell’s feminist theory and content analysis method. The purpose of this research is to study the representation of femininity and masculinity in the characters of the children's program. The main questions of this research are: “which kind of gender stereotypes is represented on children’s programs on IRIB TV2? Which kind of contents would be reproduced by these stereotypes?” For this purpose, 23 episodes of children’s programs on IRIB TV2 have been selected by random sampling. Research findings show that male and female characters are distributed unbalanced on children’s programs. So that, male display rate is 40.5% (272 codes) more than that of female characters. Hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity has been represented on male and female characters on these programs. Gender stereotypes are shown in the form of Binary oppositions such as male active/female passive, male intelligent/ female unintelligent. The symbolic annihilation of women is represented on these programs, so that women mostly are shown in ineffective roles. Therefore, the research finding show that television and specifically children’s programs persists the unequal representation of male and female characters.
Reza Pishghadam; Ali Derakhshan; Azam Jannati Ataei
Abstract
The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language ...
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The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language of a speech community to get significant information about its culture. Conceptualization of an overarching field of study can postulate how the realizations of cultuling (culture in language) can be entrenched in a language. Thus, the aim of this present study is to investigate the “patriarchy” and “matriarchy” cultulings in Persian movies from the viewpoint of Hymes’ (1967) SPEAKING model. This is a qualitative research to demonstrate Iranian culture and find the covert reasons of using the cultuling of “patriarchy” and “matriarchy”. To this end, the total 100 Persian movies from two decades of 1980s and 2010s were investigated based on the 500 extracted language expressions for each decade. The most recurrent cases of cultuling of “patriarchy” encompass signs of threatening, pride, anger, domination, order, sarcasm, wiggery, ridicule and contempt for the movies in 1980s. In contrast, the cultuling of “matriarchy” was delineated through decision-making, scolding, humiliating, wisecracking, attracting, complaining, showing anger, showing oppressed, pride, and ignoring for the movies in 2010s. The findings revealed that the patriarchy role is less dominant from 1980 to 2020. In fact, the patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy these days. This can be concluded that the frameworks have some implications for learners, teachers, and educationists who are interested in the culturology, cultuling, and cultural studies.
