Research Paper
Aigin Mardani; Sadreddin Taheri
Abstract
Since folk poems are outside the realm of official literature, they have received less attention in the field of literary studies. Also, women are often overlooked as creators of literary works; and this has made it difficult to search for female individuality in the context of literary discourses. Thus, ...
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Since folk poems are outside the realm of official literature, they have received less attention in the field of literary studies. Also, women are often overlooked as creators of literary works; and this has made it difficult to search for female individuality in the context of literary discourses. Thus, the role of women in shaping Kurmanj literature has not yet been addressed. This research as a case study in the field of feminist literary criticism has attempted to reveal the significance of female voice in the collection of Kurmanj Sechischtis with an interpretive analytical approach, by discovering the signs of ecriture feminine. Sechischti lyrics are an important part of the literature and folklore of the Iranian Kurmanj nomads. A Sechischti has three hemistiches, each with eight to ten syllables, with words derived from nature and everyday life based on individual experiences and ethnic memories of anonymous poets. In search for these signs, the authors have examined 1386 poems; of these, 269 poems (a quarter of poems with gender identity) have obvious features of feminine expression. Sechischties written by women can be divided into five categories, in terms of subject matter: 1) love; 2) marriage; 3) immigration and war; 4) social role-playing; 5) advice, cursing, self-introduction etc. Signs of feminine expression in these poems are either denotative or connotative; each has been used in four different methods. In these short and simple folk poems, the woman’s soul is revealed without veil and mask and talks to the audience. She is no longer a woman described by male writers, whether praiseworthy as a lover or a mother, or disgusting as a tempter or a witch. With the help of ecriture feminine, poetess describes the world around her through her own eyes for the audience, with all its amazing events and phenomena.
Research Paper
Sanaz Khanbanzadeh; Maryam Armaghan; Jamaleddin Soheili
Abstract
Women professional activity in Iran before the Qajar era was not traditional, but by the middle of the Qajar period women were given the opportunity to participate in society. Since the presence of women architects in contemporary Iranian architecture is often overlooked, the purpose of this study is ...
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Women professional activity in Iran before the Qajar era was not traditional, but by the middle of the Qajar period women were given the opportunity to participate in society. Since the presence of women architects in contemporary Iranian architecture is often overlooked, the purpose of this study is to introduce women architects in Pahlavi era and to study their influence in architectural fields. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the architectural areas performed by women architects during Pahlavi era and argue their influences in tyhis field. It is assumed that women's work in the professional field has had a greater impact. For this purpose, the paper has a qualitative methodology with historical-interpretive research method. Data have been collected from oral history, documentation and library, and interviews with architecture pioneers. Hence, the performance of women architects is independent variable and the amount of activity and their achievements in the field of architecture are dependent variable. The results indicate that while studying at university and working in the offices of architecture and construction development in the country, there is a reason that works of women architects in the professional fields can have more achievements than their works in academic areas; but they are still influential in the academic field.
Research Paper
Soheila Sadeqi Fasaei; Abolfazl Eghbali
Abstract
The policy area of sexuality in Iran is affected by theoretical conflict between two major approaches. The present article seeks to present a discursive formulation of the theoretical conflicts between these two approaches in Iranian society. In this study, the method of Fariclough, Laclau ...
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The policy area of sexuality in Iran is affected by theoretical conflict between two major approaches. The present article seeks to present a discursive formulation of the theoretical conflicts between these two approaches in Iranian society. In this study, the method of Fariclough, Laclau and Mouffe is applied in a conjoined way. The results of the research indicated that the first approach, based on religious principles, follows the idea of sexual education with the focus on sexual ethics. Furthermore, it also includes various concepts, such as sexual identity, convenient and timely marriage, hijab and continence, etc, to construct the life sex of the Iranian society. Based on this approach, sexuality is studied in a network of biological and cultural components, in which sometimes confronting sexuality does not eliminate its ambiguity but instead enhances it. The second approach is inspired by the liberal literature of the international community, by emphasizing the importance of sex education with a core of knowledge and sexual awareness. Some constructed and predominated concepts in the second approach include various perceptions, such as homosexuality, casual homosexuality, and the recognition of sexual minorities, distinction between sex and gender, and the condemnation of child marriage. In confronting sexuality, disambiguation and explicitly are the most important strategies of the second discourse. The latest public debate on the two approaches was the 2030 United Nations Document.
Research Paper
Ronak Dorokh; Hamed Nouri
Abstract
One of the issues in the field of body sociology is body management, which is widespread today among girls and women. It means people build social bodies by altering their physical appearance. The research method was applied in terms of purpose in the descriptive-analytical method. The research has used ...
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One of the issues in the field of body sociology is body management, which is widespread today among girls and women. It means people build social bodies by altering their physical appearance. The research method was applied in terms of purpose in the descriptive-analytical method. The research has used instruments including Bourdieu Cultural Capital Questionnaire and Researcher-Made Questionnaire of Women's Body Management Scale and Social Comparison of Gibbons and Bonk in 2019. The sample size was 382 women and girls aged 20-45 in the city of Sanandaj. The method was multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS22 software and LISREL software were used for quantitative data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between variables of body management, cultural capital, media, and social comparison of mentioned variables. The sociological model of body management in women based on cultural capital and the media is mediated by social comparison mediation in Sanandaj. Social comparison with a impact coefficient of 0.45 can affect two variables of cultural capital that have had effects on the media variable of body management criterion. In urban women, social comparison is an essential source of information about body self-management, and social comparison processes fill the gap between self-talk and the concept of individual and inter-group identity.
Research Paper
Reza Pishghadam; Ali Derakhshan; Azam Jannati Ataei
Abstract
The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language ...
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The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language of a speech community to get significant information about its culture. Conceptualization of an overarching field of study can postulate how the realizations of cultuling (culture in language) can be entrenched in a language. Thus, the aim of this present study is to investigate the “patriarchy” and “matriarchy” cultulings in Persian movies from the viewpoint of Hymes’ (1967) SPEAKING model. This is a qualitative research to demonstrate Iranian culture and find the covert reasons of using the cultuling of “patriarchy” and “matriarchy”. To this end, the total 100 Persian movies from two decades of 1980s and 2010s were investigated based on the 500 extracted language expressions for each decade. The most recurrent cases of cultuling of “patriarchy” encompass signs of threatening, pride, anger, domination, order, sarcasm, wiggery, ridicule and contempt for the movies in 1980s. In contrast, the cultuling of “matriarchy” was delineated through decision-making, scolding, humiliating, wisecracking, attracting, complaining, showing anger, showing oppressed, pride, and ignoring for the movies in 2010s. The findings revealed that the patriarchy role is less dominant from 1980 to 2020. In fact, the patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy these days. This can be concluded that the frameworks have some implications for learners, teachers, and educationists who are interested in the culturology, cultuling, and cultural studies.
Research Paper
Mohammad Hasan Sadeghi Moghadam; Amin Amirhoseini
Abstract
Establishing a family and its continuity is so important in Islam that divorce and dissolution of marriage even by mutual consent of the spouses is the most detestable act in view of the Prophet. As the continuity of the marriage is a basic principle in Islam, Islamic law has provided an opportunity ...
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Establishing a family and its continuity is so important in Islam that divorce and dissolution of marriage even by mutual consent of the spouses is the most detestable act in view of the Prophet. As the continuity of the marriage is a basic principle in Islam, Islamic law has provided an opportunity for the husband to come back to the family and revive this sacred institution by offering the simple mechanism of the waiting period (ʻiddah) in the revocable divorce. Nevertheless, there are certain kinds of divorce, known as irrevocable divorce (ba’in), by which the marital relation is dissolved and the revival of the marriage is possible only by making a new marriage contract. In khola divorce (initiated by the wife, based on her dislike of her husband) and in mubarat divorce (initiated by the wife, based on mutual dislike or aversion of the spouses) the wife obtains divorce by paying a fixed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband and the divorce becomes irrevocable (bauen). In divorce for a consideration there is no dislike from both spouses but the wife by paying an agreed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband or by releasing her husband from his duty to pay her past maintenance or from his duty to pay her dower or from his duty to pay other debts owed his wife, can become divorced. This article examines the legal nature as well as the cultural and social effects of this kind of divorce. Facilitating the separation between the spouses through paying a sum to the husband by the wife without the existence of any dislike between them would increase the number of divorces. For this reason, paying attention to the cultural and social effects of this divorce becomes necessary.
Research Paper
Farahangiz Sabouhi Sani; Yasin Sedghi; Mehdi Razani
Abstract
Women traditional and indigenous metal jewelry making in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been included in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran. ...
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Women traditional and indigenous metal jewelry making in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been included in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran. They are being forgotten today and there is a need for extensive research in this field. For this reason, in the present study, it is attempted to study Baluchi women traditional jewelry making arts to investigate the methods, structures and materials used in the artworks. To this end, in the present study, 9 samples of conventional jewelries of Baluchi women are examined using metallurgical experiments optical microscopy (OM), radiography, computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Structural analysis of metal jewelry shows that the base metal of the jewelries is entirely made of silver-copper alloy with a eutectic structure by using casting methods. Moreover, the elemental and compound analysis identifies the two elements of silver and copper with the highest amount in the compound of the alloy, respectively. Also, the type of connections, the type of soldering and the type of metal core of the jewelries are examined using radiography and computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan).
