Literature
Ezzat Mola Ebrahimi; Saeid Velayati; Bayazed Tand; Hamed Janadeleh
Abstract
Archetype is remained from far past as common concept in the human`s unconscious that these photos are seeming in effects of our sleep, dream and literature. “An example mom” is one of the archetypes that Mr. Carl Gustav Jung believes that this archetype is from the most significant psychosomatic ...
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Archetype is remained from far past as common concept in the human`s unconscious that these photos are seeming in effects of our sleep, dream and literature. “An example mom” is one of the archetypes that Mr. Carl Gustav Jung believes that this archetype is from the most significant psychosomatic manifestation. This is seen in the literature`s effects with positive and negative nature sometimes to form real mother and other time to different shapes and symbols that are implying in aspect maternal. Muhammad Al Qaisi is Palestinian contemporary poet. He has paid a lot of attention to “An example mom” of the archetype in his poems. He has given a new semantic to this archetype with inspiration from religiou texts to deepen the meanings of his poems. The results of this research have indicated that the analytical method of “an example mom” in the poems of Muhammad Al Qaisi is a symbol for occupied homeland and refers to hope, sustainability, rise, freedom, and the binders of the Palestinian people.
Literature
Masoumeh Nemati Ghazvini
Abstract
Patriarchy is a term for a system or structure that has women under its control through social, political, and economic institutions. Patriarchy is also a subset of patriarchal system that its main aim is domination over women and their subjugation. Since many Arab critics and intellectuals have some ...
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Patriarchy is a term for a system or structure that has women under its control through social, political, and economic institutions. Patriarchy is also a subset of patriarchal system that its main aim is domination over women and their subjugation. Since many Arab critics and intellectuals have some reasons for women problems and backwardness in the domination of patriarchal system, they also consider their development and liberation in fighting with this system. Accordingly, along with the start of awakening movements in Arab world, women’s libertarian movements were also formed by a struggle with patriarchal system among their objectives. Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, the Egyptian writer, politician, journalist, and jurist is one of the pioneers of this field in Egypt. A part of his works is dedicated to present women’s problems and issues and the criticism of patriarchal system in Egypt. Among these works are his short story collection titled “Gosas Mesriat” in which many of women’s issues in Egypt in the years following World War II is portrayed. The applied analyses in this collection indicate patriarchal culture as the most important discourse criticized by Heikal. It can be studied in three individual, familial, and social fields.
Literature
Maryam Esmaelipoor; Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi; Farzad Ghaemi; Shahdokht Toomari
Abstract
Pinkola Estes has outlined the pattern of creative life based on the stories of "Crying Woman, the Girl of Matching Games, and the Three Things of Gold", and in these stories he has examined various aspects of the hero's creative behavior. Accordingly, the current study analyzes two groups of Iranian ...
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Pinkola Estes has outlined the pattern of creative life based on the stories of "Crying Woman, the Girl of Matching Games, and the Three Things of Gold", and in these stories he has examined various aspects of the hero's creative behavior. Accordingly, the current study analyzes two groups of Iranian legends in which the heroine is creative. Based on the obtained results, in these two groups of Iranian legends, the last women, who are generally the third, fortieth and hundredth women, are seeking innovation in life and they should be called a wild woman. In Iranian legends, their journey is as follows: Man: Infecting life; marrying the last woman; making statues and dolls and talking with lights; and happy life. Moreover, the action of first women is similar to Persephone (passive and conditional) and the action of last women is similar to Artemis (rival, protestor and seeker), respectively, as they are fighting to change the conditions and ultimately create a new life.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Hossein Elyasi
Abstract
Language has long been associated with social issues, and it is impossible to establish a relationship between the two. In fact, the emphasis on the social context of critical discourse analysis shows the inseparable connection. The subject of woman as the most important social issue has been given great ...
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Language has long been associated with social issues, and it is impossible to establish a relationship between the two. In fact, the emphasis on the social context of critical discourse analysis shows the inseparable connection. The subject of woman as the most important social issue has been given great attention in the works of thinkers, Boshra Al-Bustani, for example, is known for her study on the issue of women. In her poems, she defends the human rights of women. She rejects patriarchy and the culture of death of women while seeking a balance and equality between men and women. In her poem, Boshra applies expressive language mixed with tradition in order to show her ideology. Moreover, she is looking for change by using functional words and technical illustrations.
Literature
Nasrin Faghih Malek Marzban; Fereshteh Miladi
Abstract
In addition to the historical and social significance of Tarikh-e Jahangosha written by Joveyni, the text is notable in terms of discourse analysis. In the discourse of war, as the hegemonic discourse of the text, one of the distinctive discourses should be studied according to social presence of women. ...
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In addition to the historical and social significance of Tarikh-e Jahangosha written by Joveyni, the text is notable in terms of discourse analysis. In the discourse of war, as the hegemonic discourse of the text, one of the distinctive discourses should be studied according to social presence of women. On the one hand, gender equality in Mongolian culture, and from the other hand the Iranian-Islamic identity of Iranian women have created a bipolar discourse, showing Iranian women as ineffective slaves, while Mongolian women, as champions equal to men, dominant and victorious. Using Halliday’s ideational metafunction, naming and processes, all parts of the text where Iranian and Mongolian women attended were studied; then by collecting all statements about them, characteristics of each were extracted. Under the effect of religious beliefs, Iranian-Islamic identity of women is represented in the form of defeated participants of discourse of war, by introducing their social characteristics, indirectly expressing their names and their less frequent presence. However, the identity of Mongol women, as the dominant and triumphant participants, is expressed directly and a special way of naming is used by the author. In many cases, the Mongolian woman is a hero and wise politician, whereas the Iranian woman, except in few cases, is a nameless veiled person who goes into captivity.
Literature
Reza Satari; Marzieh Haghighi; Shahram Ahmadi
Abstract
Regarded as one of the most important concepts in Structuralism, the Theory of Binary Opposition has long been used as a yardstick against which Structuralists measure their researches in the wide realms of Linguistics, Narratives, Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Psychology. Employing ...
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Regarded as one of the most important concepts in Structuralism, the Theory of Binary Opposition has long been used as a yardstick against which Structuralists measure their researches in the wide realms of Linguistics, Narratives, Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, and Psychology. Employing Binary Opposition in Structural Anthropology, Lévi-Strauss aimed to discover human’s cognitive structure in mythology and other various cultural practices, believing that such inevitable oppositions tend to be the first steps of human being taken to appreciate the world around him. One of the most widely-discussed oppositions in Strauss’ theory tends to be the one between culture and nature. Regarded as the primary social bond and the outset of human culture, family and kinship, according to Strauss, is against the nature. He discusses that the opposition between exogamy and endogamy (when the members of the same family marry each other) exemplifies the culture/nature opposition. Owing to the high frequency of exogamy in Shah nameh and the following national epics, the present study aimed to examine the afore-said trend in Persian epics applying the theories of Lévi-Strauss in the analysis of such oppositions. Through these approaches, the social background, religion, life, social relationships and kinship contracts governing the society have been investigated. In this regard, according to the structural anthropology theory and the principle of binary oppositions which is the main basis of this theory, oppositions between Iran/Aniran, male/female, patriarchy/matriarchy, father/mother originality and some kinship oppositions between father/son, father/daughter and mother/son have been studied.
Literature
Zolfaghar Alami; Elnaz Khojasteh
Abstract
Archetype, as an innate factor in collective unconscious, is deeply associated with myth. In fact, the myth is a kind of archetype whose reasons of formation are reviewed according to collective unconscious. According to Jung's opinion, every myth is created based a collection of factors and innate reasons. ...
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Archetype, as an innate factor in collective unconscious, is deeply associated with myth. In fact, the myth is a kind of archetype whose reasons of formation are reviewed according to collective unconscious. According to Jung's opinion, every myth is created based a collection of factors and innate reasons. Accordingly, different kinds of unnatural childbirth are very important mythological subjects that are tangled with story of hero's birth in various nations. There are many archetypes of Hysterectomy and unnatural childbirth in mythology including: Rostam's story and stories of "Arthur" and "Hercules" and several gods such as "Andre", "Mehr", "Metra", "Atone", "Monrovia", "Sanasar & Baghdasar", "Uziris" or "Uzirmag", "Batrazd", "Mashi & Mashiane'', "Buda", "Brahma", and "Sushiant''. The current research aims to unveil the reasons of these birth myths and gods using descriptive– analytic method while explaining the function of archetype for these heroes. Accordingly, unnatural birth is a kind of "showing future of narration sighting". This technique shows prominence and dignity of heroes and myths.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Mahya Abiary Ghamsari
Abstract
Discourse analysis is a modern approach flourishing and growing in the context of postmodernism. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework in critical discourse analysis is one of the most practical aspects of this theory that includes analysis of ) spoken or written (language texts, analysis ...
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Discourse analysis is a modern approach flourishing and growing in the context of postmodernism. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework in critical discourse analysis is one of the most practical aspects of this theory that includes analysis of ) spoken or written (language texts, analysis of discourse practice) processes of text production, distribution and consumption (and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice. The writers of the essay using the Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework, analyze the power discourse in Zainab Habash’s poems, and also try to discover the connection and relation between the poet’s works and oppressive atmosphere of totalitarian society. Finally, the current study aims to explain the influence of Palestine political situations on resistance poetry. Zeinab Habash in her resistant poems tries to be the protesting sound of her countrymen to make the social and political discourse interacted, which can make a great change in her society.
Literature
Reza Satari; Marzieh Haghighi; Masoomeh Mahmoodi
Abstract
Mother Archetype is one of the most important archetypes in Carl Gustav Jung's theory manifested in literary works both as the character of a real mother or in the form of symbols that indicate maternal aspect. Epic is a work derived from the male-dominated society in which the heroic functions and masculine ...
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Mother Archetype is one of the most important archetypes in Carl Gustav Jung's theory manifested in literary works both as the character of a real mother or in the form of symbols that indicate maternal aspect. Epic is a work derived from the male-dominated society in which the heroic functions and masculine power grab the attentions always more than the women's presence and role. However, since most of the epic poems have a mythic infrastructure, archetypically, they reflect many of the mythological themes and symbols that have emerged unconsciously in the poem. Since human life, before the epic realization and the manifestation of the male heroes, has experienced a female dominated era with female eternal holiness (mothers and women), human subconsciousness is full of images and symbols indicating the female element of existence reflecting the epic texts as mother archetypal symbols. According to this perspective, there has been no research on the mother archetype manifestations in the national epic and most of the researchers only referred to the mother characters in these works whose role did not go beyond giving birth and training the epic heroes. that the current research focuses on the issue that although in the Persian epic works (Shahnameh and the following epic poems), the women and mothers do not generally play a decisive role, the vacuum of the presence of women and mothers as an inevitable part of the humans' existence has been seen in the epic works unconsciously in the form of archetypal images and symbols, such as water, springs, rain, wind, plants, mountains, caves, fire, etc. and the mother archetype has entered the realm of consciousness in the form of these symbols.
Literature
Maryam Hoseini; Elham Roostaei Rad
Abstract
The present article is a query research in the history of Islamic mysticism aiming to introduce and discuss the wise insane women. The first part of the article is the theoretical discussions of mystic insanity and its fundamentals. The style of the presentation of the discussions is based on the views ...
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The present article is a query research in the history of Islamic mysticism aiming to introduce and discuss the wise insane women. The first part of the article is the theoretical discussions of mystic insanity and its fundamentals. The style of the presentation of the discussions is based on the views and achievements of classical experts in the Islamic mysticism. In the second part of the article, the name and the biography of some of them based on the restricted historical resources were mentioned; in addition to the review of behaviors and thoughts of the wise insane. The main question of the research is that “did some women have special mystic status in the history? Have they been regarded as the wise insane?” The answer to these questions is positive according to the first grade resources. The research is historical using library method.
Literature
Roghaye Vahhabi Daryakenari; Maryam Hoseini
Abstract
The "alien- enemy" archetype in cultural history of Iran often emerges in different forms and examples of hostility and alienation such as Tatar and Mongol. Mongol savagery and brutality on Iranians, was so severe that after a hard attack and murder and plunder, for centuries, they were an example for ...
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The "alien- enemy" archetype in cultural history of Iran often emerges in different forms and examples of hostility and alienation such as Tatar and Mongol. Mongol savagery and brutality on Iranians, was so severe that after a hard attack and murder and plunder, for centuries, they were an example for each type of attack. Gradually Mongols' attacks changed from historical form and remained in a mythical form in our literature and culture. This article describes how the myth of Mongol formed in our cultural history and signifies the issue, in particular, in the works of "Bahram Beyzai". The main feature of his fictional narratives is an active participation of women in the context of the narration. The purpose of this study is analyzing the struggle of "champion- trickster" women, against the myth of the Mongols, in the "Bahram Beyzai" narrations. Plays and screenplays that are considered in this study include: “Fathnameye kalat”, “mire kafanpush tales”, “ayyare tanha”,”ayyarname” and “tarajname”. The research is descriptive- analytical, so that at first we will express the way that Beyzai uses to describe myth of the Mongols, then five works that are particularly about women's struggle with Mongol in the narrations, will be analyzed.
Literature
Seyyed Hassan Rohani; Hosseyn Khosravi
Abstract
According to Jung, collective unconscious is the valuable reserve of the human being ancestor who shares their contents between different nations and cultures. The collective unconscious contains the most important and influential content, that a person may face in life. The mother archetype is one of ...
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According to Jung, collective unconscious is the valuable reserve of the human being ancestor who shares their contents between different nations and cultures. The collective unconscious contains the most important and influential content, that a person may face in life. The mother archetype is one of the most prominent and influential contents of the collective unconscious which manifests itself in real, virtual and positive or negative forms. While referring to the nature of archetypal criticism, this study discusses mother archetype, then, its virtual manifestations, such as objects, animals and nature as well as its positive and negative aspects are examined in the book "culture of Kerman people". Then, its samples are extracted from the book and the frequency of their usage is shown. Research findings showed that the Kerman fictions are rich in terms of mother archetype and they correspond to Jung’s theories.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Elahe Alikhani
Abstract
The present paper deals with examination of the terms listed in one hundred sonnets in Hafez’s poetic collection (Divan) where one may seemingly assume them as feminine terms in order to find their latent meanings and concepts and the point that whether the poet has intended to employ these terms ...
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The present paper deals with examination of the terms listed in one hundred sonnets in Hafez’s poetic collection (Divan) where one may seemingly assume them as feminine terms in order to find their latent meanings and concepts and the point that whether the poet has intended to employ these terms only for their apparent concepts or he has had some concepts beyond their apparent meanings in mind. This study is of qualitative type, research and methodology of this study is of documentary type (library) and the content analysis has been also employed qualitatively to analyze poems of Hafez. Although he has not explicitly referred to female character in his sonnets (despite the fact that there are some critiques from society about some of his sonnets, Hafez’s sonnet is perfectly mystic not social; in other words, they are some love poems totally concerned with glorification and praising of God), woman has very high and magnificent position in Hafez’ paradigm wherever Hafez intended to talk about his God he has described woman and her beauties for public perception and better conception and all of his lovely illustrations of female are allegory and allusion of the Lord and refer exactly to God.
Literature
Masoumeh Nemati Ghazvini; Narges Ansari
Abstract
Nowadays, because of the special and pivotal place of women in the family and nurturing future generations; problems and issues related to women has become one of the main concerns of thinkers and intellectuals. Jalal Al-e-Ahmad (1302-1348 AHS) and Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti (1876-1924 AD) are two of ...
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Nowadays, because of the special and pivotal place of women in the family and nurturing future generations; problems and issues related to women has become one of the main concerns of thinkers and intellectuals. Jalal Al-e-Ahmad (1302-1348 AHS) and Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti (1876-1924 AD) are two of the social reformers and contemporary writers in the field of Persian and Arabic literature. Each of them has presented women issues and criticized its different aspects as the conditions of their own society and the specific viewpoint that they had toward social and cultural problems. The present study which has compared the works of these two writers with a descriptive-analytic method indicate the presence of many similarities in their approach to women issues which can be studied in six general areas including west oxification, freedom, social injustices, hijab, marriage, and science learning and while being similar in concepts they are presented in somewhat different writing styles when appropriate.
Literature
Reza Satari; Hossein Hasanpour Alashti; Marzyeh Haqiqi
Abstract
Banugoshasb-nameh is a national epic poem written in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh about Banugoshasb's life and courage, daughter of Rostam. The poem, the only epic in Persian literature is the central story of a heroic woman. Most researchers, who have studied this poem, have focused on the presence ...
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Banugoshasb-nameh is a national epic poem written in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh about Banugoshasb's life and courage, daughter of Rostam. The poem, the only epic in Persian literature is the central story of a heroic woman. Most researchers, who have studied this poem, have focused on the presence of Banugushasb in the context of epic and her heroism. They sometimes related her achievements to the effects left by the period of Matriarchy and mythological warrior goddesses while showing less interest in the psychological background of the champion women's actions. This research addresses a study of mythological and psychological background and heroic deeds of Banugoshasb character in the epic poem Banugshsb-nameh. The findings show that although signs of Matriarchy and feminist can be seen in this poem, this marks the dominance of patriarchal culture, and patriarchy replaces matriarchy. In the second part of this paper, the issue is analyzed from viewpoint of Jung’s analytical psychology. According to this view, heroic and masculine behavior of Banugoshasp cannot be considered as feminist, but it should be attributed to effects of archetype animus (masculine psyche in women) that has been institutionalized through Banugoshasp life among the top heroes of epic and influenced by their behavior.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Mahmood Reza Tavakoli Mohammadi
Abstract
In the constitutional era, the Persian poetry knew new poetry implications in the side of the old content defined by the Persian literature in previous eras. This is why we call this era, the era of radical change in the old contents. Familiarity with the western literature, political and social developments ...
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In the constitutional era, the Persian poetry knew new poetry implications in the side of the old content defined by the Persian literature in previous eras. This is why we call this era, the era of radical change in the old contents. Familiarity with the western literature, political and social developments in Iran, enlightenment, tyranny, internal and external colonialism are among the factors that play an active role in this regard. This, in turn, has affected the lives of women in Iran not limiting its impact to the political and social life. Therefore, Iranian women knew their place in Iranian society and tried to get involved in the Iranian society and the defense of the homeland. This article tried to study poetic divans for Iranian women poets and look for the content of poetry in this regard. Considerable attempts of Iranian women to defend their homeland, their awareness of their place in the real Iranian society and the change in women’s attitude towards men are among the most important issues, and their reflections in the poems women poets in the constitutional era have been analyzed.
Literature
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi; Fahimeh Yeganeh Dizagwar
Abstract
Fiction has a special position because of its charisma and special charm and is considered as an important literary device; the most important task of story is to promote the moral and spiritual virtues of characters and to fight evil and injustices. Therefore, dedicated novelist should try not only ...
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Fiction has a special position because of its charisma and special charm and is considered as an important literary device; the most important task of story is to promote the moral and spiritual virtues of characters and to fight evil and injustices. Therefore, dedicated novelist should try not only to entertain the reader but also to be aware of his ultimate goal; which is to teach and to inform his reader. Najib Kilani, a prominent Islamic scholar and novelist in the contemporary period, also believes that by engaging different characters in the story, they can educate Islamic duty and religious lifestyle to the younger generation. In this article, we try to assess the female characterization in three novels by Najib Kilani entitled The Long Path, Killer of Hamza, The Man who Converted to Islam which have social, historical and Islamic themes, respectively. Kilani has used direct and indirect characterization methods and employed every type of personality, including static and dynamic, positive and negative. Female characters in all the three novels are secondary type which Kilani has used with expertise to achieve his main goal promoting Islamic culture.
Literature
Ezzat Mollaebrahimi; Ali Sabbaghian
Abstract
In a sociological review of novels, the connection between structure and content of the story studied by considering the conditions and changes in society and environment in which they are created, and the modality of artistic reflection of the society in the world of the literary work is reviewed and ...
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In a sociological review of novels, the connection between structure and content of the story studied by considering the conditions and changes in society and environment in which they are created, and the modality of artistic reflection of the society in the world of the literary work is reviewed and analyzed. In this article, the authors present an analysis of the works of the famous Algerian female novelist called “Ahlam Mosteghanemi”. As a writer, she is romantic, but she deals with social and cultural situation in her country relying on community-oriented romanticism. She deals with many issues such as women’s rights, cultural poverty, social instability and conflict between tradition and modernity, and also describes the wounds and injuries imposed on the society through the colonialism. Based on the results obtained from this descriptive- analytical research, we come to realize that she could open a horizon to knowing different angles of occupation in Algeria, liberation wars at this country, results of colonization and mustiness of Arab communities. She also tries to keep her obligation to romanticism, using an emotional tone. Although her works have a critic tone, they are drastically different social realism.
