Art
Azadeh Pashootanizadeh
Abstract
There is always a spiritual and intellectual power in primeval art which connects our world with supernatural world. The foundation-stone is agricultural lifestyle and farming archetypes in Iran ancient civilization; so, enrichment subject-matter or enhancement idea is a fair question for ancient culture. ...
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There is always a spiritual and intellectual power in primeval art which connects our world with supernatural world. The foundation-stone is agricultural lifestyle and farming archetypes in Iran ancient civilization; so, enrichment subject-matter or enhancement idea is a fair question for ancient culture. The generative idea plays a vital role that is connected with goddesses. These forms, shapes and metaphysical functions of goddesses are composed of natural elements like: The Zodiac (Stars), plants, animals or music instruments. The Iranian goddess named Anahita/ Nahid, is the symbol of generative idea and the kingdom of Seas. People regarded goddess of the waters/Nahid as very respectable and many Temples are built for her by people. They gave gifts to her temples. Gifts were the valuable works of art having some pictures of Nahid on them. These images showed her supernatural tasks inspired by religious texts and books. So we have reviewed religious literatures of Iranian Ancient centuries. If we pay attention to these ancient texts, we do not make mistakes in our interpretation from Nahid's image. Research method of the current study is based on library and documentation from works of art using comparative study of art. The author tried to find points of similarity between Anahita and other goddesses in matriarchal and ancient civilization, and illustrate and analyze the roots of their shapes for finding common denominator. We can see their pictures and mutual effects in art.
Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei; Mohammad Hossein Sharifi Saei
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the semiotic representation of patterns in the television series of male and female relationships. Therefore, using a semiotic approach to examine three popular Iranian TV series in years 2009, 2010 and 2011 were examined. The results shown that male and female relationships ...
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The aim of this study was to analyze the semiotic representation of patterns in the television series of male and female relationships. Therefore, using a semiotic approach to examine three popular Iranian TV series in years 2009, 2010 and 2011 were examined. The results shown that male and female relationships in several TV series, three different pattern: "tradition discourse", "semi-traditional discource" and "modern discourse." Each of these patterns have been identified in various media messages. tradition Discource, is characterized by No relationship between male and female. But the semi-traditional discource is accepted a limited and legitimate part of the traditional relationship between a boy and girl before marriage. In both cases, the specified view is with a good representation. On the other hand, have also been encountered in the national media with the pattern representation of the modern discourse of male and female relationships. Characteristic of modern patterns, is forming strong relationships before marriage between male and female; Modern discourse, has always been associated with negative representation in the National media in Iran. Conflict between "tradition and modernity" and "love of wisdom" was a major confrontation in the series television in Iran.
Salahoddin Abdi; Shahla Zamani
Volume 2, Issue 3 , March 2011, , Pages 97-116
Abstract
Najib Kilani is the first writer dealing with Muslim problems in his stories beyond the boundaries of the Arab world; in his avant-garde novels, such as Turkestan Nights, Jakarta's Virgin, and Giants of the North, which take place in Turkestan, Indonesia, and Nigeria respectively, he deals with these ...
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Najib Kilani is the first writer dealing with Muslim problems in his stories beyond the boundaries of the Arab world; in his avant-garde novels, such as Turkestan Nights, Jakarta's Virgin, and Giants of the North, which take place in Turkestan, Indonesia, and Nigeria respectively, he deals with these problems. In these novels, he has depicted the contemporary Muslim nations' struggle against colonialism; he has allocated a great share to Muslim women, who struggle shoulder to shoulder with men, persisting in their beliefs and religion. Their life is not limited to the house. They struggle can be verbal, armed or doctrinal. In each novel, there is a female main character, and the characters of all the three women are complex. For characterization, Kilani uses both direct and indirect methods. For main characters, he mostly uses narrator, dialogue, description of behaviour, and for secondary characters, he mainly uses indirect method, description of behaviour and face, as well as dialogue. Kilani establishes a special relation between characters and their names, so that the characters’ behaviour obviously witness to their names. He does not pay much attention to the description of women’s faces; rather he tries to depict their internal characteristics. The details he provides in this regard show his wealth of knowledge as regards the status of women in Islam
Bahareh Javaheri
Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2012, , Pages 97-118
Abstract
Professor Jean Yoyotte, one of the most prominent French Egyptologists, holds that perhaps unlike what the Egyptians themselves maintain, the fountainhead of everything is not in Egypt; yet one has to agree that circa 3000 BC, Egypt was indeed much more advanced than its neighboring states. Indelible ...
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Professor Jean Yoyotte, one of the most prominent French Egyptologists, holds that perhaps unlike what the Egyptians themselves maintain, the fountainhead of everything is not in Egypt; yet one has to agree that circa 3000 BC, Egypt was indeed much more advanced than its neighboring states. Indelible relics, architectural masterpieces, and works of art remaining from that era have reached us throughout the eons and for this very reason, Egypt is granted a fame and glory beyond its coterminous civilizations (Yoyotte [ii], p, 112). Much has been written on the pharaohs and the rulers and how they governed the land. This paper, however, seeks to investigate into ancient Egypt from a different perspective: the presence of women in the various spiritual and social layers and their rights and advantages which were and still remain to be a rarity in many countries for women. In the Egypt of the pharaohs, women enjoyed the highest peak of spirituality and they could assume the most important positions in the state; some were even pharaohs and would lead the state themselves.
International
Ehsan Ghabool; Abdollah Radmard; Toktam Abedi
Abstract
Imagology is one of the branches of comparative literature that attempts to identify the features and attitudes of other nations through literary works. The identification of women’s image in other countries and nations from the viewpoint of a foreign poet or author is a topic of the knowledge ...
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Imagology is one of the branches of comparative literature that attempts to identify the features and attitudes of other nations through literary works. The identification of women’s image in other countries and nations from the viewpoint of a foreign poet or author is a topic of the knowledge imagology. This plays an important role in understanding the position, interests and attitudes of women in those societies. In this essay, the images of women in Ibn-e Fazlan Travelogues are studied. This travelogue is one of the oldest survived literary works about the lands located in the basin of Volga River and Central Asia. The author of the work also traveled and visited Iran and Turkan region. In Ibn-e Fazlan travelogues, valuable and exclusive information and images of Turkish, Bulgarian, Iranian and Russian women are given. These images and information have been studied and classified in this essay within the four perspectives of marriage, clothes, jewelries and bondwomen based on the methodology of imagology. This is concluded that those images of women were strange and odd to Ibn-e Fazlan based on his beliefs and the environment he lived in. The strange images are specially marked for Russian, Turkish, Bulgarian and Iranian nations, in order.
gholamreza Maroof; Nader Shayganfar
Abstract
AbstractConcurrent with the Consitutional Revolution, in the liberal atmosphere of Iranian publications, an unprecedented concept called "woman as citizen" was formed. It contradicted the characteristics of a traditional definition of woman as being a shadow of a man (patriarchal system). This ...
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AbstractConcurrent with the Consitutional Revolution, in the liberal atmosphere of Iranian publications, an unprecedented concept called "woman as citizen" was formed. It contradicted the characteristics of a traditional definition of woman as being a shadow of a man (patriarchal system). This study, being in the field of women's studies, focuses critically on Michel Foucault's genealogical ideas and deals with how in the fault of tradition-modernity the term "weak-woman", a patriarchal concept, coincided with "woman-citizen", which implies equality of men and women. In this context, supported by archival research and an emphasis on archival documents, the effect of Iran's accession to the Brussels Prohibition of Slavery in 1890 on the formation of the subject of the woman-liberty is considered. On this basis, the archival documents "Abolghasem Nilforosh" has been studied. Afterwards, using Foucault's genealogy, metamorphosis of this subject has been considered in ten steps. The result of the search is that the acceptance of the ban on slavery in Iran has been the first stronghold of tradition, conquered by modernity and, difficult as it was, it managed to pave the way for the formation of women's freedom along with the subject of woman-citizen. From this perspective, the Constitution era becomes the era of establishment and universal acceptance of the prohibition of slavery as well as the victory of modern morality over traditional rules.
majid movahed; Mohammad Javad Askari Chavardi; zahra yadali
Abstract
Proverbs are short statements which have deep concepts and arise from the social forms and perceptions that provide social situation and orientation. This study seeks to examine the image of women and their issues among local proverbs of Lamerd city in Fars province. Female related proverbs have been ...
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Proverbs are short statements which have deep concepts and arise from the social forms and perceptions that provide social situation and orientation. This study seeks to examine the image of women and their issues among local proverbs of Lamerd city in Fars province. Female related proverbs have been compiled and trough qualitative content analysis method analyzed. The results show that no social or professional role are considered for women in this society and proverbs are just related to the different personalities of women’s roles within the family as a mother or a wife and these roles are formed based on male chauvinism in the city.
Ezzat Mollaebrahimi; Habib Keshavarz
Abstract
Palestinian women have not only collaborated with men in issues such as social, political and cultural affairs but also in literary fields. They have even been pioneer in some fields. A number of senses of contemporary Palestinian poetries have been considered by both genders which include different ...
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Palestinian women have not only collaborated with men in issues such as social, political and cultural affairs but also in literary fields. They have even been pioneer in some fields. A number of senses of contemporary Palestinian poetries have been considered by both genders which include different types of sentimental poetries such as ghazals and love poems. Although ghazal has been among the most important types of Palestinian poetry for long, there are certain differences between female ghazals and the male ones, which is an indication of physical and psychological differences between them. This research tries to study those differences and to find out the reasons. The research methods have been documentary and library methods. As a result women, in their poems, pay less attention to physical and beauty attractions in their love poems. Instead, sentimental symbols have been considered by female poets and they use more codes and metaphors compared to male poets.
Ezzat Alsadat Mirkhani
Abstract
Although gender justice, is considered a foreign subject in social & legal institutions and it is often taken into consideration theoretically, operationally due to the amalgamation of cultures and its unrefined foundation it has been faced with challenges, so that it requires explanation in terms of ...
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Although gender justice, is considered a foreign subject in social & legal institutions and it is often taken into consideration theoretically, operationally due to the amalgamation of cultures and its unrefined foundation it has been faced with challenges, so that it requires explanation in terms of attitudes and approaches based on local & Islamic culture. In monotheistic creed, unity parity is arising from wisdom rapture, that justice will be achieved simultaneously by foundation of other valuable principles like: human dignity, security & accommodation, friendship & compassion, kindness & generosity. The purpose of this article is to explain justice principle’s central role in Islamic regulatory system & its effects on gender justice & human relations in family, so that all require expression of fundamental differences between two thought systems: Islam & humanism. According this article, methodology is based on discourse analysis, description & interpretation –dominant method in Islamic research.
Findings reveal that gender justice is of the wisest characteristic of Islamic legislation system, arising out of significant proportion & distinctions in the creation & Sharia law & has tips & points within Family Emotional, Ethical & Economic Relationships, so in it, justice principle is intertwined with all human values & has provided facilitate, glorify & adjustment in the shadow of monotheistic idea & also guaranteed Sharia principles & purposes.
Hossein Heidari; Mohadeseh GHasempoor
Abstract
This kind of Marriage (MIR) is one of the controversial issues of Pre-Islamic Iran. Some have attributed it to all Iranians while others have attributed it to a certain group in ancient Iran. Undoubtedly MIR has never been specific to Iran and similar typical examples can be found in other cultures and ...
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This kind of Marriage (MIR) is one of the controversial issues of Pre-Islamic Iran. Some have attributed it to all Iranians while others have attributed it to a certain group in ancient Iran. Undoubtedly MIR has never been specific to Iran and similar typical examples can be found in other cultures and religions. This paper after presenting the history of MIR looks at Firdausi’s Shahnameh that narrates & analyzes the reported Zoroastrian’s and Pahlavi’ accounts of the ancient Iran. Shahnameh reports two accounts in this respect:
The first belongs to Daqiqi (the Zoroastrian poet) who justified MIR on basis of Mazdaism texts. The other belongs to Firdausi who knows it as a royal method of marriage in Pahlavi texts. The paper aims to see whether MIR can be shown as an official recognition and legitimate marriage for all Iranian mazdayis on account of pahlavi texts or for a special group
Fahimeh Farahmandpoor; Marzieh Memari
Volume 3, دوره 1، شماره 3 , November 2011, , Pages 115-133
Abstract
Some Hadith on the surface do not seem to be very approval of women’s perfect enjoyment of wisdom and this has raised the question whether Imams (PBUH) believed that women have an inherent deficit in the intellect or training environment conditions as well as time ones have had an impact upon this ...
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Some Hadith on the surface do not seem to be very approval of women’s perfect enjoyment of wisdom and this has raised the question whether Imams (PBUH) believed that women have an inherent deficit in the intellect or training environment conditions as well as time ones have had an impact upon this belief. It becomes more important for women when the possession of the fullest sense of intellect is considered necessary to authenticate moral responsibility, because the intellectual deficit doubts in women make them morally irresponsible. This article tries to classify and analyze in detail the Quranic verses and Hadith on this issue by expressing different opinions in this regard to give a comprehensive theory about wisdom and moral responsibility.
Full expression of intellect and the analysis of Imams (PBUH) make it clear that women are not different inherently from men and other factors are involved which can be discussed.
Owing to their enjoyment of human spirit, women have the conditions to feel morally responsible. However they must understand their special missions and make a balance between their power of reason as well as their blessing of emotion to provide the conditions to fully perform their responsibilities.
Effat Sadat Afzal Tousi; Mahdis Mohajeri
Abstract
Migration is now described not only as a geographical phenomenon but also as a cultural one, encompassing issues such as identity, language, alienation, nostalgia and roaming. These experiences can affect the process of creating a work of art. The art of migrants is known worldwide due to its representation ...
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Migration is now described not only as a geographical phenomenon but also as a cultural one, encompassing issues such as identity, language, alienation, nostalgia and roaming. These experiences can affect the process of creating a work of art. The art of migrants is known worldwide due to its representation of important themes and issues. In this context, migrant artists from Islamic countries have been able to show their artwork in many aspects. One aspect of culture that develops during migration is language, followed by calligraphy. Calligraphy is an important part of the artworks created by artists from Islamic countries. In fact, its importance to language has made different functions. Among immigrant artists, female artists have also chosen calligraphy as an important element of their work. The main question of this paper is what the reason is for the use of calligraphy by migrant women artists. When looking at the artworks, it becomes clear that female artists from Islamic countries use calligraphy to represent their identity and otherness. Mikhail Bakhtin is one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. One of his theories includes otherness. He believes that man always needs another man. In other words, man sees himself in the eyes of the other. This research, using the descriptive method of analysis and library sources, considers Bakhtin’s viewpoint when analyzing works of art. Among many works by female artists with migrant backgrounds from Islamic countries including Iran, Iraq, Morocco, Egypt, Palestine, and Algeria, three artworks by Moroccan, Iranian, and Iraqi women artists were selected to be specifically studied. The selected artists are Lala Esayyadi, Shirin Neshat, Havy Kahraman. These artists create their artworks in the position of otherness and they also want to highlight their identity with their otherness.
Art
Alavitalab Mitra
Abstract
Female characters in the plays of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th AH, have different manifestations and are presented in a paradoxical way. The social and political changes in this period emphasize the discourse of improving the position of women and have fueled fear and anxiety about ...
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Female characters in the plays of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th AH, have different manifestations and are presented in a paradoxical way. The social and political changes in this period emphasize the discourse of improving the position of women and have fueled fear and anxiety about the presence of women equally. In this research, we focus on the roles of women in some of the plays of this era by critical discourse analysis. This plays have been described, interpreted and explained by the descriptive and analytical method suggested by Norman Fairclough. First of all, at the level of description, we have discussed the function of female characters in the plots of plays. At the level of interpretation, looking at the social events related to women in this period, the relationship between women's activism in the play and their level and role in the society is examined, and finally, in the third stage, the reason for the gap between the change of social paradigms and the role Women are explained in plays. By the analysis of the plays in the discourse context of the era, it was concluded that although in this era, the key role of women in the society and their promotion to the level of the speaking subject is always emphasized as one of the manifestations of progress, but still the dominance of the patriarchal discourse and The fear of killing women has so powerfully cast a shadow on the dramas of this hundred-year era that the role of women is either associated with concepts such as cunning, deception and conspiracy, or the female characters remain as objects of men's opinion games and seduction
Mahnaz Shayestehfar; Zohreh Shayestehfar; Rezvan Khazaee
Abstract
In Persian society, illustrators and skilled portraitists developed a particular method of painting in Qajar era, a period in which artwork and historical treasures can be considered among the best, especially in painting and they reflect the tastes of kings and social circumstances of that time.
...
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In Persian society, illustrators and skilled portraitists developed a particular method of painting in Qajar era, a period in which artwork and historical treasures can be considered among the best, especially in painting and they reflect the tastes of kings and social circumstances of that time.
One of the best works of that time is illustrated pen cases created mainly in Tehran, Shiraz and Isfahan by skilled portraitists. The majority of these illustrations are women’s figure and partly European figures contemporary with Qajar time. A large number of such pen cases are collected and preserved by Nasser Khalili in London. Careful studying of the paintings on pen cases shows the people’s believes and their points of view especially towards women as an important part of society of Qajar era and also the impressions of western culture upon the Iranian community.
Roohangiz Karachi
Abstract
There are opponents and proponents in the new debate on feminine and masculine literature. Opponents emphasize nonsexual nature of literature, and feminist and proponents of research from different perspectives have arrived at the conclusion that feminine and masculine literatures are different. In order ...
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There are opponents and proponents in the new debate on feminine and masculine literature. Opponents emphasize nonsexual nature of literature, and feminist and proponents of research from different perspectives have arrived at the conclusion that feminine and masculine literatures are different. In order to find the answer to the question “does gender affect literature”, we examined and analyzed the subject with different biological, psychological, sociological, linguistics, and literary approaches, so that different aspects of feminine and masculine literary differences can be demonstrated. A literary work is the product of mentality, language, and the impact of gender on it firstly depends on two main factors. On the one hand, the intrinsic female and male differences, as the most primitive factors, impact creating mental, behavioral, intellectual, and linguistic differences in literature, and on the other hand, the gender differences in social and cultural construct, which have caused prejudice, inequality, and domination of men over women. A collection of these differences has led to creation of different mental world, worldview, experience, thought, vision, language and writing of women and men, and has revealed reflection of differences in literary works at some levels of linguistics, style, context, theme, and different type of expression.
Archeology
Behrouz Afkhami; Saba Farajzadeh; Seyyed Mehdi Hosseininia
Abstract
Water has been highly esteemed in ancient Persia. There have been a few deities to preserve and protect water; Anahita was considered the most popular one. We can see Anahita’s popularity and stature by survival of the works of art in ancient Iran. No doubt, the most important factor is the permanent ...
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Water has been highly esteemed in ancient Persia. There have been a few deities to preserve and protect water; Anahita was considered the most popular one. We can see Anahita’s popularity and stature by survival of the works of art in ancient Iran. No doubt, the most important factor is the permanent presence of Anahita is existence and continuity of mythological and religious beliefs arising out of the culture and history of Iran, Therefore, Anahita is not only considered as a visual element in art, but it is more consistent with fundamental concepts and symbols. The current study addresses an analysis of the visual motifs of Anahita and describes its spaces and image composition in art history of ancient Iran such as stamps, coins, reliefs and metal packaging in the Sassanid era. This research uses qualitative and comparative analytical methods. It is concluded that Anahita influenced historical and material culture of Babylon, Phoenicia, Greece and ancient Rome; but Anahita’s historical existence belongs to Iranian intangible culture.
Majid Ebrahim Damavandi; Yasin Rostami
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine gender differences in the language development and skills of first grade students of primary schools in Marivan-Iran. To do this, 260 first grade students (140 males and 120 females) were chosen by multi stage cluster sampling and stratified random sampling ...
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The purpose of the present study was to determine gender differences in the language development and skills of first grade students of primary schools in Marivan-Iran. To do this, 260 first grade students (140 males and 120 females) were chosen by multi stage cluster sampling and stratified random sampling methods among the first grade students in elementary schools in the 2011-2012 academic year. The test methodwas based on Test of Language Development-Primary Third Edition (TOLD-P-3) in order to assess language development and skills, which consists of 6 basic subscales and 3 secondary subscales. The obtained data were analyzed using the t independence test for comparing two groups. Results showed that girls outperformedin language development components like listening, speaking and semantics.However, there was no significant difference between the performance ofboys and girls in the organizing component (P≤0.01).
Archeology
Habib Shahbizi Shiran; Esmaiel Maroufi Aghdam; Saeid Sattar Nejad; Fariborz Tahmasebi
Abstract
Iranian artworks such as metal, during the historical periods, reflect the ideas and viewpoints mainly in political, economic, and religious ritual aspects. The metal works of Sasanian period, due to frequency and variety of designs, are considered representative of the belief and thoughts of this era. ...
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Iranian artworks such as metal, during the historical periods, reflect the ideas and viewpoints mainly in political, economic, and religious ritual aspects. The metal works of Sasanian period, due to frequency and variety of designs, are considered representative of the belief and thoughts of this era. The figures of women and shrewdly pointed out the figures of the goddess Anahita are one of the greatest groups of the motifs depicted on the golden and silver vessels of the Sassanid period. In the containers of this period, arәdvīsūra Anahita is depicted as a beautiful woman, half naked, in the middle or in the different directions, with minor painting such as lotus, dogs, fish, eagle, pomegranate, baby, grapes, the jug water and etc. In this research, we considered 23 vessels containing Anahita legend. This demonstrated that the objects in the hands of this goddess and plant, human and animal motifs in her scene, may represent descriptions, manifestations and functions that entirely have been speaking about in Avesta. Thus, we can say that Sassanid artists wisely choosed this designs with full knowledge about mythical and religious beliefs in same time. This research is based on descriptive and historical methods and data collection and –library survey.
Sociology
Mehran Sohrabzadeh; Fatemeh Mansoriyan Ravandi
Abstract
Although there is less physical violence in the new world than there was in the past, verbal violence is less visible because it has always been hidden and not recognized in the cultural structure of society due to some cultural reasons. The current study aims to examine the lived experiences of women ...
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Although there is less physical violence in the new world than there was in the past, verbal violence is less visible because it has always been hidden and not recognized in the cultural structure of society due to some cultural reasons. The current study aims to examine the lived experiences of women from verbal violence; therefore, 11 women who were referred to counseling centers of Kashan were selected using in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that women's experiences of verbal violence in the family can be presented in two categories of “various dimensions of verbal abuse” and “causes of verbal abuse”. Different aspects of verbal violence resulted from exploring issues of interpretation such as: indifference to women, verbal violence under the guise of a joke, low value of and respect for women, dominating behavior towards wife, as well as issues of interpretation such as inappropriate system of socialization, discrimination and gender inequality, lack of rules, values of patriarchy and social learning, all of which are the most important factors affecting the causes of verbal violence.
Archeology
Bahman Firozmandi; Mohgan Khanmoradi
Abstract
The present study is investigating the role and situation of women in Parthian period. The role of women in Parthian era based on archaeological evidences and historical literatures is unknown. The literature had a brief look to this and even leading to the misunderstanding. Such literatures concerning ...
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The present study is investigating the role and situation of women in Parthian period. The role of women in Parthian era based on archaeological evidences and historical literatures is unknown. The literature had a brief look to this and even leading to the misunderstanding. Such literatures concerning generally to the women and their personal attributes in the court like political marriages. In order to receive a comprehensive view regarding to the women statute in Parthian era, we investigated archaeological evidences throughout Parthian Empire including western (Hatra, Ashur, Seleucia, Babylonia, Dura Europos, Palmyra) and eastern territories (Kuh-i Khwaja) and also regions such as Elymais and central part of Iran. These investigations demonstrate that depiction of women figure in Parthian era was more common comparing to Achaemenid times. The depiction of women can be seen on coins, stuccos, wall paintings and base reliefs. Surveying of archaeological evidences mentioned above showing that women have a main role and place in Parthian era and attending in different states and activated in religious, economic, social, and artistic ground.
Art
Parisa Shad Ghazvini; Mina Nazemzadeh Naraghi
Abstract
The use of women's themes in the works of female artists is common and noticeable. It seems that by using this method the artist is able to retrieve latent inner layers and individual identity. At the same time, self-taught female artists are paying special attention to this way of expressing themselves. ...
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The use of women's themes in the works of female artists is common and noticeable. It seems that by using this method the artist is able to retrieve latent inner layers and individual identity. At the same time, self-taught female artists are paying special attention to this way of expressing themselves. This study, by examining the representation of women's identity in the works of a self-taught artist, “Parvin Jalali”, aimed to address the formal and contextual analysis of her works from the point of view of the feminist critic and theorist “Linda Nochlin”, who emphasizes two aspects of fragments and contradiction. The findings from the study of six paintings by Parvin Jalali revealed that the artist presents a supra-realistic image of the combination of human and vegetarian forms in order to show women's identity and social status. In the works of this artist, the concept of the fragment is depicted through linking women's traits with nature. In Jalali's works, controversy has been shown to be related to such concepts as dual contrasts and narrative representation of chaotic and restlessness of today's world and emphasis on the feminine principle of the world. This was a descriptive analytical study conducted based on library resources and documentation.
Mahtab Dadkhah; Karim Hajizadeh; Behruz Afkhami; Hibib Shahbazi Shiran
Abstract
Historical texts by narrative men of the rulers and the great men of history have said often less about ordinary people, especially women. In fact, women, despite being half of human society and educators of men and the next generation, have had an undeniable influence on social relations, the preservation ...
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Historical texts by narrative men of the rulers and the great men of history have said often less about ordinary people, especially women. In fact, women, despite being half of human society and educators of men and the next generation, have had an undeniable influence on social relations, the preservation and perpetuation of traditions, customs and even political games in historical periods. But in most cases, for cultural reasons, less mention is made of their presence in society or defined in the shadow of men. Therefore, archaeological methods and the study of cultural materials are very valuable and useful for clarifying the subject and answering the existing gaps and questions; because archeology has used cultural materials to rebuild communities, culture and people's roles. The present article examines the miniatures of the Tabriz school as material evidence of the Safavid period and tries to compare the image of women presented in the texts of the Safavid period with the remaining images of them in the miniatures of the Tabriz school and the contradictions and similarities between the two. The miniatures of Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, Khamse of Nizami and Haft Awrang of Jami showed that women in Safavid Tabriz School at the same time at least during that period, contrary to historical texts have highlighted more active role in the community.
Mitra Ali shahi; Mostafa Mahdavi Ara
Abstract
Women's literature as one of the literary schools in the Arab countries, especially Kuwait, began in the fifties and reached its peak in the seventies to nineties. In the meantime, " Buthaina Al Eissa" as one of the activists in this field - with the publication of the novel " Under the feet of mothers" ...
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Women's literature as one of the literary schools in the Arab countries, especially Kuwait, began in the fifties and reached its peak in the seventies to nineties. In the meantime, " Buthaina Al Eissa" as one of the activists in this field - with the publication of the novel " Under the feet of mothers" -" has been able to portray Women's problems and Kuwaiti society in transition with her literary pen. The salient features of the novel are polyphony and multiplicity of characters Female characters who appear alternately and the author narrates the sufferings of women from their minds and depicts the changes in women's society. It seems that " Buthaina Al Eissa" is trying to inform her readers about a change that is taking shape by raising awareness of the new generation. This research seeks to analyze the novel's female characters in a descriptive-analytical method and to depict their inner anxieties and desires. The results of the research show that " Buthaina Al Eissa" , has been able to express her feminist views and ideas in the novel " Under the feet of mothers " and confront the stereotypes of patriarchal culture by relying on her literary knowledge and writing skills. In this literary work, the author reflects the patriarchal and anti-feminist ideas of Kuwaiti society by creating different female characters, and reflects their two reactions of "surrender" in the older generation and "rebellion" in the next generation. Shows new features
Sociology
Fares Bagheri
Abstract
Masoud Kimiaei's cinema has been reread and interpreted many times due to its social and hero-raising approach. Male and female characters in alchemy films establish significant relationships with each other and with their living environment. In these works, the characterization of women is controversial ...
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Masoud Kimiaei's cinema has been reread and interpreted many times due to its social and hero-raising approach. Male and female characters in alchemy films establish significant relationships with each other and with their living environment. In these works, the characterization of women is controversial in many ways. In fact, the female characters of Alchemy cinema, while they have a dramatic function, but it seems that their identity is defined next to the identity of the male heroes. In other words, in his works, the woman is in a secondary position and the man becomes a privileged character. The women in these films do not have an independent female character; And most of these women, depending on the man, assume single and identical roles such as ethereal lover, patient lover, honor, kind wife or mother, etc. and they have an objective appearance in all the works of this filmmaker. In the last few decades, gender studies have become one of the thought processes and the category of gender has been placed in the center of these studies in society, culture and art. The distinction between sex and gender is one of the most important topics in the social discourse of the 20th century. Gender is a structural and social phenomenon that is built in society over time. It seems that the alchemical approach towards women can be interpreted from the perspective of gender and of course gender reversal. The current research, which was conducted in a qualitative and descriptive-analytical way, with the help of library sources and watching the film, analyzes the approach to the characterization of women in alchemy cinema by explaining the category and theory of gender. Male and female characters in alchemy films establish significant relationships with each other and with their living environment. In these works, the characterization of women is controversial in many ways. In fact, the female characters of Alchemy cinema, while they have a dramatic function, but it seems that their identity is defined next to the identity of the male heroes. In these works, the characterization of women is controversial in many ways.
Religious
Mohsen Badreh; Ezzatossadat Mirkhani; Tuba Shakeri Golpayegani
Abstract
“Islamic feminism” is an analytical-descriptive title by which western observers identify the intellectual activities of Muslim women. Muslim female scholars of “Islamic feminism”, though there is no consensus among them about this label, have various approaches and subjects of ...
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“Islamic feminism” is an analytical-descriptive title by which western observers identify the intellectual activities of Muslim women. Muslim female scholars of “Islamic feminism”, though there is no consensus among them about this label, have various approaches and subjects of study in relation to the field of Islam and gender. Aziza Al-Hibri and Kecia Ali are two of these Muslim scholars whose research focus has been on revising and criticizing Islamic (Sunni) jurisprudence. Sharing some characteristics in their study of fiqh, they represent two different intellectual positions on the Islamic jurisprudence among the scholars of “Islamic feminism”. Both Al-Hibri and Ali consider the social contexts and intellectual dynamism of the formation era of Islamic jurisprudence. However, while Al-Hibri tries to activate the capacities of the existing fiqh to seek gender equality, Ali tries to deconstruct what she observes as the roots of gender inequality in fiqh and uncovers methodological instruments (e.g. Qias) that established inequality and hierarchal gender and sexual relations and ethics. Ali considers the approach of scholars like Al-Hibri as destined for failure because of a lack of deconstruction of the essential formulations of inequality in the formation era of Sunni fiqh. A comparative study of different suggestions these two scholars have offered unveil the horizons of “Islamic feminism” on revising and criticizing the Islamic (Sunni) jurisprudence.
