Art
Mahnaz Jahani; Sahar Changiz
Abstract
Change of women’s clothing during the Qajar era, has given a reason to many experts and researchers to consider the issue in their writings, even so short. Given that not much research has been performed on how and why the clothing style changed during Qajar era as well as its relationship with ...
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Change of women’s clothing during the Qajar era, has given a reason to many experts and researchers to consider the issue in their writings, even so short. Given that not much research has been performed on how and why the clothing style changed during Qajar era as well as its relationship with fashion’s evolution, a deeper and more detailed research seems to be necessary in order to identify the reason for change of women’s costume. The current comparative study aims to evaluate the similarities and differences of women’s costume in Fath-ali-Shah and Naser-al-Din Shah’s court, focusing on fashion and comparing indoor/outer garment components. Indoor garment components included Shaliteh (Breeches), shirts, Arkhalig and headwear, and outer garments included Chador, Chaghchoor and Burqa. Considering that some factors, such as religious views, politics, economy as well as psychological aspects of the kings have direct impact on fashion and its changes, this study using a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical methodology and emphasizing on two Qajar dynasties, aims to evaluate available pictures collected from this era and study the documents and logbooks which are about costume classifications and frequently used fashion in Qajar’s court, in order to identify and introduce those elements which have influence on evolution or stability of clothing style in this era. Finally, this study has shown that women’s religious view was an important forbidding factor against drastic changes in clothing style and fashion. In other words, women had not a passive role in choosing their clothes. It was also found that kings’ will and views were two significant factors impacting women’s fashion and clothing styles in the kings’ court.
Archeology
Behrouz Afkhami; Zeynab Khosravi
Abstract
Xwēdōdah had been one of the cultural issues in ancient Iran based on political thought. Xwēdōdah was especially common among royal families. Xwēdōdah tradition has been carried out for a very long period of time; the same factor explains the importance of this tradition. The emergence of this ...
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Xwēdōdah had been one of the cultural issues in ancient Iran based on political thought. Xwēdōdah was especially common among royal families. Xwēdōdah tradition has been carried out for a very long period of time; the same factor explains the importance of this tradition. The emergence of this tradition based on archaeological evidence dates back to the Elamite era which continued in Achaemenid era with some changes. In the ancient Iran, religion and politics were heavily influenced by “life-worlds” having harmonic horizons. In this paper, Xwēdōdah is viewed as a ritual demand of political thought in line with the reign immortality which existed in two Elamite and Achaemenid eras and also continued into Sassanid era in another form. This research, using a phenomenological approach, studies the essence and reason of continuation of this ritual along with an objective interpretation of such evidence as water, woman, snake and abstract concepts like "Snake Goddess". Finally, it is concluded that belief in totems and their holiness originate from the demands of political thought on the basis of religion, by the institution of politics and power in both Elamite and Achaemenid eras.
geography
Kioumars azdanpanah; Majid Gholami; Zohreh Fereidonian; Mahtab Jafari
Abstract
Electoral geography as a trend of political geography aims to study spatial patterns of distribution of power in the form of mutual relations, geography of space, elections and power. Despite the fact that women comprise half of the population and account for the majority of graduates of higher education, ...
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Electoral geography as a trend of political geography aims to study spatial patterns of distribution of power in the form of mutual relations, geography of space, elections and power. Despite the fact that women comprise half of the population and account for the majority of graduates of higher education, their political participation is not much. This paper is a descriptive study using library resources aiming to answer the question: What are the geographical features of the representation of women in parliament (with emphasis on the tenth parliament)? The obtained results and findings indicate that such factors as general political orientation of the society, population, the scope, history of women representatives in the district, the central or peripheral aspect of geographical distribution of the representation of women in the allegedly reformist, conservative and independent political currents are effective in ten parliamentary elections. The current study suggests that taking these factors into account by the political parties and groups, especially women's organizations in this field, as well as the Ministry of Interior to increase political participation and more effective presence of women at the highest levels of society, politics and of course power is essential.
Art
Elaheh PanjehBashi
Abstract
Paintings of the late Qajar period and brilliant paintings from important periods in Iran were under the influence of painting in relation to Europe and thereby experienced great changes. This article, using semiotic approach, analyzes two paintings created by Qajar women; one is anonymous, and the other ...
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Paintings of the late Qajar period and brilliant paintings from important periods in Iran were under the influence of painting in relation to Europe and thereby experienced great changes. This article, using semiotic approach, analyzes two paintings created by Qajar women; one is anonymous, and the other is painted by Ismail Jalayer- a graduate of the academy school. Both paintings present an image court women while the symbols imply different concepts. The current article deals with the following questions: Are the proposed works an indication of the value of Qajar paintings? Are the signs meaningful in relation to other signs? The current study aims to examine the signs- cognitive meanings in texts. The images of the concepts common signs to convey different messages to the audience is used Qajar women.
Art
Azam Ravadrad
Abstract
This article is written from sociology of art point of view. The role of social factors influencing people to become artist is an important issue in this field. One of these social factors is one’s gender which is studied here. In this article, female artists are studied in terms of their appearance ...
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This article is written from sociology of art point of view. The role of social factors influencing people to become artist is an important issue in this field. One of these social factors is one’s gender which is studied here. In this article, female artists are studied in terms of their appearance in different artistic fields. The main factor important in this appearance is considered to be gender. The question is whether or not the number of women artists has increased recently? The second question is whether or not the presence of women artists in different artistic fields is the same? Research method for this study is documentary and many pieces of research are used in order to collect data. These include works previously done on different artistic fields in Iran comparing the number of men and women active in each artistic field in different periods of time. The findings show that first the number of women artists has increased and second this increase has not been the same in different artistic fields. Based on findings of the article, the population of women directors in film industry and in theater in Iran is much smaller than other fields. Instead, the population of Iranian women painters, musicians and writers is bigger than other fields. The question raised here is if there are social factors which influence men and women doing different artistic activities with different degrees of competence. The article discusses that the main reason contributing to increase of the number of Iranian women in some artistic fields is the possibility of doing those artistic activities in private locations and by oneself; in contract, their number decreases if they require to work outdoor and in group situation.
Historic
Noureddin Nemati; Samaneh Esfandiary
Abstract
In Iranian history, women have been given important roles in political, social, cultural, and economic areas. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, women have been promoted to important positions in executive and legislative branches of governments. After Islamic revolution, however, women’s ...
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In Iranian history, women have been given important roles in political, social, cultural, and economic areas. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, women have been promoted to important positions in executive and legislative branches of governments. After Islamic revolution, however, women’s role was not diminished but has increased significantly. Women in this period dedicated themselves to the Islamic Regime and in this area the women’s role in the Iranian Parliament is of special importance. The present paper studies the role and function of women in the first two periods of the Iranian Parliament after Islamic Revolution and how their condition improved in the country. This research works on the hypothesis that the women in the first two parliaments improved the women’s conditions by developing protective legal measures working within the legal structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Art
Soheila Sadeghi Fasaei; Shiva Parvaei
Abstract
Part of gendered culture is reproduced through media. In this respect, cinema movies could represent social realities either explicitly or implicitly. Asghar Farhadi is one of the directors who addresses family and social issues in his movies. The current study aims to show how women in the contemporary ...
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Part of gendered culture is reproduced through media. In this respect, cinema movies could represent social realities either explicitly or implicitly. Asghar Farhadi is one of the directors who addresses family and social issues in his movies. The current study aims to show how women in the contemporary world are presented in Asghar Farhadi’s movies. This question has been raised within a representation approach. In terms of methodology, qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been applied to identify overt and covert themes in the selected movies. Findings suggest that three selected movies represent women in categories such as: modern woman entangled in tradition; conflict between liberation and dependence; deceit and secrecy; being subjected to violence in gender relations; oppression by the presence of male domination and psychological insecurity. Eventually, these categories create a core category called “Woman between Dialectics of Tradition and Modernity".
Archeology
Behrouz Afkhami; Saba Farajzadeh; Seyyed Mehdi Hosseininia
Abstract
Water has been highly esteemed in ancient Persia. There have been a few deities to preserve and protect water; Anahita was considered the most popular one. We can see Anahita’s popularity and stature by survival of the works of art in ancient Iran. No doubt, the most important factor is the permanent ...
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Water has been highly esteemed in ancient Persia. There have been a few deities to preserve and protect water; Anahita was considered the most popular one. We can see Anahita’s popularity and stature by survival of the works of art in ancient Iran. No doubt, the most important factor is the permanent presence of Anahita is existence and continuity of mythological and religious beliefs arising out of the culture and history of Iran, Therefore, Anahita is not only considered as a visual element in art, but it is more consistent with fundamental concepts and symbols. The current study addresses an analysis of the visual motifs of Anahita and describes its spaces and image composition in art history of ancient Iran such as stamps, coins, reliefs and metal packaging in the Sassanid era. This research uses qualitative and comparative analytical methods. It is concluded that Anahita influenced historical and material culture of Babylon, Phoenicia, Greece and ancient Rome; but Anahita’s historical existence belongs to Iranian intangible culture.
Art
Roshanak Davari; Farideh Talebpoor; Abolghasem Dadvar; Reza Afhami
Abstract
Sustainable purchasing and consuming clothes is a massive trend worldwide due to the great amount of production, its complications and also the active role of women. It is specifically so among young population of Iran, though the country is moving towards sustainable development. This article aims to ...
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Sustainable purchasing and consuming clothes is a massive trend worldwide due to the great amount of production, its complications and also the active role of women. It is specifically so among young population of Iran, though the country is moving towards sustainable development. This article aims to investigate the degree of awareness of the notion of sustainability and its impact on the purchase and consumption of clothing, among the young educated female consumers. The research is based on descriptive and survey method with questionnaire based data. The statistical population is (N=100) female students of BA and MA courses in textile, fashion and industrial design with 20-35 years of age and sample size of 80 students. 30 questions with quintuple Likert and 0.735 Cronbach’s alpha are being asked. The analysis is done by statistical software. The results show that while there is a great trend of sustainable purchase and consumption, there is no enough awareness of this issue in the section. The knowledge of interviewees about sustainability is about the routine environmental issues; even some anti-sustainability approaches are clearly seen in this case, which necessitates a more extensive and precise consciousness-raising. Raising awareness and information about sustainable purchase and consumption within the consumer population, as future professionals of clothing industry, can guide it towards better planning sustainable based strategies in production, purchase and consumption.
Sociology
Malihe Shiani; Hanan Zare
Abstract
Social capital has become an important subject in recent decade and is seriously considered in the physical and human capital, moreover, this complex, multi-faceted concept is one of the most important dynamic elements of social, cultural, economic concept in any society, organization and institution. ...
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Social capital has become an important subject in recent decade and is seriously considered in the physical and human capital, moreover, this complex, multi-faceted concept is one of the most important dynamic elements of social, cultural, economic concept in any society, organization and institution. In addition, one of the most important criteria to measure the degree of development of a country is the significance of women role as half of the population. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to study social capital among employed women. The method of research was survey by using questionnaire technique. In order to measure reliability and validity, we used Cronbach's coefficient alpha and two types of validity including face and construct validity. Employed women were selected by random sample in industrial estate in Tehran. Findings have shown that the amount of social capital among these women was average.
Art
Alireza Taheri; Batool Maazallahi
Abstract
Sections of history were unsaid because they happened beside facts. In these situations, minds were attracted by what is visible. As a result, few facts were ignored. In many of sources that considered Fath Ali Shah`s iconography, his intense tendency toward using jewelries or attention to appearance ...
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Sections of history were unsaid because they happened beside facts. In these situations, minds were attracted by what is visible. As a result, few facts were ignored. In many of sources that considered Fath Ali Shah`s iconography, his intense tendency toward using jewelries or attention to appearance defined as his diplomatic policies toward foreigners. This note has a considerable place in art studies that no one wants to analyze it. In a comparison which is performed between the paints of harem women and Fath Ali Shah`s iconography, there were some similarities that highlight womanly tastes effects on these habits. Therefore, present research considers harem and its effects on Fath Ali Shah`s taste and introduces these effects by using historical-descriptive approach. View of this article is new in art studies and this is a one of important points of this research.
Sociology
Soheila Sadeghi Fassaei; Atefeh Khademi
Abstract
Women’s employment is one of the most important issues which are related to their social status. Attention of policy makers, administrators, legislators and elites also illustrate the importance of the quality and quantity of women’s employment. By conducting a keyword search on "women ad ...
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Women’s employment is one of the most important issues which are related to their social status. Attention of policy makers, administrators, legislators and elites also illustrate the importance of the quality and quantity of women’s employment. By conducting a keyword search on "women ad employment" in different data bases including Iran Doc, Normags, and National Library, several studies including 8 thesis, 87 books, 132 scientific articles and 13 research reports have been found and all required data is collected since 1357 onwards. Meta-analysis method is selected to bring to light the hidden aspects of women's employment. Data analysis revealed that quantitative and descriptive approach prevails in the most of studies and minor attention is paid toward the role of women’s employment in development. It is probable to say that the trend of women’s employment has not been studied profoundly and no deep attention is paid to the quality of employment. The barriers of women’s employment have been also studied mostly at micro levels. In fact, it is possible to conclude that the most of the studies carried out in Iran are affected by fixed and established approaches and for this reason, they could not address or explain the structural changes in women's employment.
Sociology
Ahmad Bokharaei; Fardin Alikhah; Amin Nabati shaghel
Abstract
The role of media in today´s world is undeniable and no border can be imagined for information transfer. Among these, one controversial issue in the media is gender and women. This study examines female subjects in discourse atmosphere of Iran´s cinema. It probes their situations and the ...
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The role of media in today´s world is undeniable and no border can be imagined for information transfer. Among these, one controversial issue in the media is gender and women. This study examines female subjects in discourse atmosphere of Iran´s cinema. It probes their situations and the way of confrontation with them regarding common discourses in two traditional and modernist structures in Iranian community. This study selects cinema and picturesque symbols to know the way of women´s confrontation with the world they live in, regarding their discourse between reality and cinema among movies influenced by the society as the cultural contexts that influence it simultaneously. Based on Laclau and Mouffe (1985)´s ideas about society, policy, subjectivity, and power, this study analyzes typology of three movies including Leila (1996), Two Women (1998), Separation of Nader from Simin (2010). This analysis showed that women´s relations in the context of social hierarchy and common discourses in the society and family atmosphere is heterogeneous and disparate. However, a definite direction can´t be identified for the way of women ´s reactions in the social contexts. This can be attributed to the suspension of the relationships in transitioning society of Iran.
Art
Maryam Ansari Yekta; Rezvan Ahmadi Payam
Abstract
The clothing of women depicted by artists under Timurid and Safavid dynasties is well represented in the surviving illustrations of Shahnameh Baisonghor and Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp. A descriptive-analytical survey of the related historical documents and a comparison of the illustrations of these two ...
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The clothing of women depicted by artists under Timurid and Safavid dynasties is well represented in the surviving illustrations of Shahnameh Baisonghor and Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp. A descriptive-analytical survey of the related historical documents and a comparison of the illustrations of these two Shahnameh books will contribute to answering the following questions: from which aspects do the representations of the clothing of women in the two books conform to each other? What was the function of ornament in the women's clothing under Timurid and Safavid dynasties? The clothing of women over these two periods can be classified into three main parts, namely, head-wear, body-wear, and leg-wear. In general, representations of women's clothing in the two books are based on three features, i.e. ornamentation, the social status of women, and necessity of hijab. These features were realized in each book according to the governing norms as well as the individual taste of the illustrators. What is common between the two periods is the high regard in illustrations for women of all social strata in order to foreground their importance in the society.
cultural
Yaser Rastgar; Ehsan Aqababaee
Abstract
Nowadays, the audience plays a key role in the interpretation of cultural products including movies. Thus, discovering how the audience make sense of and interpret things can lead us to the social world underlying such interpretations. Women are among audience who could have different readings based ...
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Nowadays, the audience plays a key role in the interpretation of cultural products including movies. Thus, discovering how the audience make sense of and interpret things can lead us to the social world underlying such interpretations. Women are among audience who could have different readings based on their cultural and generational experiences and background. Based on the interpretive paradigm, the present study aims to address the question: how would the female audience of two different generations interpret the movie Two Women? The study adopted an interpretive paradigm based on group interview as the research strategy. To this end, two groups of women from two different generations aged 20-30 and 45-55 years were selected purposively as the participants and were interviewed in two distinct groups. The interpretive analysis of the data revealed two different readings by the two different generations in terms of personality traits and the fate of the film characters at the textual level and in terms of such concepts as patriarchy and identifying with characters at the contextual level. However, the two groups converged in terms of their meaning making based on the conflict between tradition and modernity and the interpretation of events based on this dilemma.
cultural
Ahmad Mohammadpoor; Mehdi Rezaei; Golaleh Borna
Abstract
This paper provides a qualitative study on life style changes in Iran’s Kurdistan- Mariwan City. It tries to connect these changes to identity formation of women in this city. Mariwan, as a boarder city, due to its geographic, political and economic situation has faced an unexpected economic growth ...
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This paper provides a qualitative study on life style changes in Iran’s Kurdistan- Mariwan City. It tries to connect these changes to identity formation of women in this city. Mariwan, as a boarder city, due to its geographic, political and economic situation has faced an unexpected economic growth and lots of cultural transformations. Therefore, new life style as well as new formation of identity has emerged. This study examines the sources, processes and ramifications of these socioeconomic changes, as well as their impacts on women identity. Methodologically, this research is a qualitative study based on ethnography approach. Grounded theory has been employed for collecting and analyzing data. Based on purposive explorative sampling method, 53 in-depth interviews have been conducted with women- married and single. Findings show extensive socioeconomic changes in women's life style. These changes mostly are in conflict with local socio-cultural values and norms. Based on the analyzed transcribed interviews and some observational material, several categories such as conditional, interactive and consequent categories have been extracted. Finally "Tense Identity" has been shown to be the core category of this study.
psychology
Maryam Fallahi; Sayed Reza Fallahchai; Eghbal Zareie
Abstract
The current study aims to compare the expectations and purpose of marriage of women and girls in Shiraz. In this study, 180 participants (90 women and 90 girls) were selected to participate from the available population. The instruments to collect data were questionnaires and a structured interview. ...
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The current study aims to compare the expectations and purpose of marriage of women and girls in Shiraz. In this study, 180 participants (90 women and 90 girls) were selected to participate from the available population. The instruments to collect data were questionnaires and a structured interview. The participants completed the Socio-Demographic Characteristics Form and the Marital Attitude and Expectation Scale (36-item). To analyze the data, independent t-test and chi square were used. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences between groups in terms of marital expectations and its three main subscales including Intent to Marry, General Attitudes towards Marriage, and Aspects of Marriage. In sub-scales, the difference between married women and single girls in negative attitudes toward marriage, fear/doubts and love was significant. However, significant differences in the other subscales such as respect, trust, finances, meaning and physical intimacy weren't found. Moreover, significant differences were found in the purpose of marriage of women and girls, in emotional, religious, sociocultural, financial, and idealistic purposes (P <0.01), but the difference wasn't significant in sexual purpose. The overall result of this study suggests that women tend to have higher expectations of marriage than girls and the married women and girls' purposes of marriage were different.
Sociology
Asiyeh Khayrollahi; Ahmad Reza Nasr Esfahani; Mohammad Reza Nili
Abstract
The overall objective of this study was effect of increasing interest in science and women in family and graduate courses and the meeting the expectations of the curriculum courses. Methods used in combination (quantitative - qualitative) the type of research was exploratory. Tools used questionnaires ...
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The overall objective of this study was effect of increasing interest in science and women in family and graduate courses and the meeting the expectations of the curriculum courses. Methods used in combination (quantitative - qualitative) the type of research was exploratory. Tools used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews that their validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated experts comments and 0/89 are estimated. The Population included all female students in their last year of graduate school at the University of Isfahan that were in the academic year1390-91 And the sample size was estimated 254 person using Cochran's sample size formula. Quantitative results demonstrate the effectiveness of the lack of interest in science and the development of personal and family life improvements in the MSc course. Interviews with the questionnaire findings are not consistent. Results also revealed that demographic variables had no effect on the variables studied. Quantitative conclusions about fulfilling the expectations of the curriculum and syllabus indicates that students' expectations are not.
Mohamadali Chelongar; Fereshteh Boosaidi; Vahid Saeidi
Abstract
Kharijite as one of the groups in the first and second centuries, had a respectively certain attitude toward women. They have offered quite different views of woman and her participation in social and political issues including, marriage, treatment toward female prisoners, women in battles and women ...
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Kharijite as one of the groups in the first and second centuries, had a respectively certain attitude toward women. They have offered quite different views of woman and her participation in social and political issues including, marriage, treatment toward female prisoners, women in battles and women caliphate, which took influence of looking at surface and appearance of Quran and ideas of people of the Book and Islamic sects. Kharijite who were raised in the context of Islamic community, had more freedom for women in political and social areas, compared to other contemporary groups. This refers to certain political conditions in that period of time where the Kharijite have been. Kharijite have allowed women marry to infidles and Mavali. They also opposed to captivity of women and get bondwoman in war. Kharijite women have also active presence at battles and were the first who have allowed women caliphate in Islamic period. In this research we examine four political-social approaches of Kharijite toward women in an analytical- descriptive method (marrying to infidles and Mavali, treatment toward female prisoners, women in battles and women caliphate issues).
Farideh Alavi; Zeinab Rezvantalab
Abstract
Having glanced at the history of women’s literature in Algeria, we will now study some women’s narratives through the famous writer Assia Djebar’s works with the descriptive-analysis method. The study shows that until the recent century the language and literature has been dominated ...
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Having glanced at the history of women’s literature in Algeria, we will now study some women’s narratives through the famous writer Assia Djebar’s works with the descriptive-analysis method. The study shows that until the recent century the language and literature has been dominated by the men reflecting the male point of view. However, as war was a major event experienced by women in a particular manner, the necessity for the female narratives and points of view is evident. Assia Djebar is the first Algerian female writer who addresses the independence war in the novel Children of the New World. Highly influential in the history of Algerian Literature, the novel is further proof of women’s talent in writing and eases other women’s entrance to this area. The war is a major and fixed theme throughout the works of Assia Djebar. Not only does Assia Djebar addresses the freedom of Algiers from a female point of view, but she also points out the importance of women’s freedom from social limitations and prejudice which differentiates her works from other war related literature. Furthermore, her portrayal of women’s specific issues, suffering, and their way of resistance signifies the women’s participation in the independence of the country, which has been overlooked or undermined in the works of male writers.
Abstract
Stories and fictions are important cultural resources which in many cultures are narrated by women.These storiescan bea reflection of ideals and desires of women in different levels of a society. Therefore, reviewing these stories and fictions would bebeneficial to better understand the various aspects ...
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Stories and fictions are important cultural resources which in many cultures are narrated by women.These storiescan bea reflection of ideals and desires of women in different levels of a society. Therefore, reviewing these stories and fictions would bebeneficial to better understand the various aspects of women’s life in a society.This research aims to study women’s positionin Bakhtiary’s culture usingthirty written stories. Bakhtiary’s culture is patriarchal anddespite positive attitude towards women in this culture, they are still looked upon inferior.In such a culture women have less contribution and influence in economical and political activitieswhere are dominated by men. However, Bakhtiary’s women have challenged discriminating attitudes ofthe patriarchal setting and rejected the existing sexual discriminations particularly in social settings.In this respect, theyhave even succeeded in altering some traditional views of their men toward themselves. The most significant preoccupations of women in these types of stories include marriage and combatingpatriarchal thoughts. For instance, women have been culturally obliged to obey men’s will on the matter of marriage, whereas, on many occasions, they have rejected this and married on their own choice. In this paper, the presence of women in these stories has been subjected to qualitative and quantitive analysis. In addition, the presence of women in the political and economicalactivities, struggling patriarchal thinking, partaking in naming their children, marriage, womanly issues, women characters, andthe number of women in the stories are thosethat have been dealt with in this paper.
Yadollah heydari babakamal; Nasir Eskandari; Tahereh Shokri; Morteza bahrami nahadfar
Abstract
From the cultural point of view, one of the important criteria for assessing a community is the amount of attention that is paid to women and their presence in social domains. At different periods of human life, the importance of the role of women alongside men has been neglected. according to archaeological ...
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From the cultural point of view, one of the important criteria for assessing a community is the amount of attention that is paid to women and their presence in social domains. At different periods of human life, the importance of the role of women alongside men has been neglected. according to archaeological evidence, except Neolithic and chalcolithic periods that subsistence were based on husbandry and agriculture, and women had equal life by the side of men ,this process has been changed with dominance of men at other historical periods. By arrival of Islam to Iran, equality didn’t occur in different groups of community. The process continued in earlier Islamic centuries, when in medieval centuries with Mongol arrival former circumstances somewhat changed and women alongside men could contribute to different activities of community. In fact, the Mongol era is the only period that equality between women and men could be observed clearly; reasons of this phenomenon have been investigated at specific social conditions in that time. This topic concerns the necessity of studying the status of women in that time. So the aim of this research is surveying the reasons of widespread role of women in the mentioned period in terms of historical and archaeological evidence. Applied method for this research is based on library studies, historical texts and archaeological data.
Ahmad Mohammadpur; Jalil Karimi; Nashmil Maaroofpur
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the representation of women in Kurdish proverbs based on social interpretive approach and through emic orientation. Considering the constitutive function of common sense to produce social knowledge, the paper aims to explore the situation given to women in Kurdish proverbs ...
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This paper is concerned with the representation of women in Kurdish proverbs based on social interpretive approach and through emic orientation. Considering the constitutive function of common sense to produce social knowledge, the paper aims to explore the situation given to women in Kurdish proverbs as a part of oral literature. In this respect, the women-related proverbs have been purposively sampled and analyzed using thematic procedures, while the in-depth interviews with informants have been conducted for further interpretations of the data.
The findings demonstrated that the Kurdish proverbs attributed a diverse and often contradictory set of locations and interpretations to women. Using thematic analysis, seven main themes were extracted from data which include: Women as irrational, as equal to men, as subordinate, as the other one, as sacred, as powerful and as a mysterious subject. All these themes are covered by a core category entitled “Kurdish woman as an Uncertain Subject”. The above main themes have been discussed and documented referring to a number of sample proverbs.
Narges Nikkhah Ghamsari; Soheila Sadeghi Fasaee
Abstract
This study tries to show how gender as a discourse construction has been formed since decades before the Islamic Revolution in Imam Khomeini’s words differently from then language system capacity, power and residence relations embodied in the traditional discourses, pre-revolution modernization period, ...
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This study tries to show how gender as a discourse construction has been formed since decades before the Islamic Revolution in Imam Khomeini’s words differently from then language system capacity, power and residence relations embodied in the traditional discourses, pre-revolution modernization period, in a context of political and social events and how it has stabilized or transformed the customary and determining boundaries of women and men. For this very purpose this paper studies the signified meaning of masculine/feminine in Imam Khomeini’s words as the most important political and symbolic elite in religious and revolutionary modernism discourse in relation with focal signifiers of then opposition in the context of political confrontation including official position of Pahlavi regime against traditional clerics, applying Ruth Wodak’s method of historical discourse analysis. As a result ‘woman’ in the words of Imam Khomeini in connection with subjects such as Islamic Values, humanity, freedom, equality, bravery, rights, taking part in self determination etc., is an active subject in contrast with two conceptual systems: traditions and modernity. And women are not opposite men but beside them and not in a specific field but in their whole private, social and political lives they are responsible for establishing and maintaining a political system based on Islamic values.
majid movahed; Mohammad Javad Askari Chavardi; zahra yadali
Abstract
Proverbs are short statements which have deep concepts and arise from the social forms and perceptions that provide social situation and orientation. This study seeks to examine the image of women and their issues among local proverbs of Lamerd city in Fars province. Female related proverbs have been ...
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Proverbs are short statements which have deep concepts and arise from the social forms and perceptions that provide social situation and orientation. This study seeks to examine the image of women and their issues among local proverbs of Lamerd city in Fars province. Female related proverbs have been compiled and trough qualitative content analysis method analyzed. The results show that no social or professional role are considered for women in this society and proverbs are just related to the different personalities of women’s roles within the family as a mother or a wife and these roles are formed based on male chauvinism in the city.
