نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه ادبیات نمایشی، دانشکدۀ هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه ادبیات نمایشی، دانشکدۀ هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jwica.2023.367618.1984

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از نظریات گایاتری چاکراورتی اسپیواک در حوزۀ مطالعات فرودستان به بررسی تطبیقی دو نمونه از آثار ادبیات نمایشی معاصر، نه بخش از میل اثر هیدر رافو و مستانه، تاریخ فراموشان اثر نغمه ثمینی می‌پردازد. اسپیواک معتقد است مطالعات تطبیقی غرب در حوزۀ ادبیات جهان، که امروزه عمدتاً همگام با منطق جهانی‌سازی در عصر سرمایه‌داری انجام می‌گیرد و تحت سلطۀ قدرت‌های جهانی قرار دارد، پژواکی درست از تاریخ و تجربیات جهان‌شمول نیست و مختص تفکرات غرب است. او در هنگام پرداختن به سوژه‌های فرودست، به‌خصوص جنسیت زنانه، صرفاً ظاهری از آن را در جهت اهداف خود ارائه می‌دهد و به یک سیاست آرمانی و ذات‌گرایانۀ محدود می‌رسد. حال آنکه سوژۀ فرودست هنگامی‌که در مقام یک زن سخن می‌گوید و عمل می‌کند می‌داند که جنسیت در حال رشد و فراگیری، بهترین حالت ممکن برای اوست. در سایۀ این بازی بداقبال است که تاریخ فرودستی که مورد بی‌اعتنایی قرار گرفته است، باید توسط خود فرودستان و افراد در حاشیه آشکار شود. در پژوهش پیش‌رو، با تمرکز بر داده‌های نظری اسپیواک در مرگ یک رشته، «آیا فرودست می‌تواند سخن بگوید» و «بازاندیشی بر تطبیق گرایی»، نشان داده می‌شود که فرودست می‌تواند از خلال ادبیات، خود و تجربیات نابش را بدون کمک، اصلاح و قدرت‌های جهانی به بیان و نمایش درآورد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Reflection of the Concept of Spivak’s Subaltern in The Nine Parts of Desire by Heather Raffo and Mastaneh, the History of the Forgotten by Naghmeh Samini

نویسندگان [English]

  • Tuba Mozafari nezhad 1
  • Esmaeil Najar 2

1 Department of Drama, College of Arts, Tarbiat Modares University.

2 Assistant Professor of Drama, College of Arts, Tarbiat Modares University

چکیده [English]

This investigation applies Spivak's "Subaltern Theory" to undertake a comparative examination of Mastaneh, the History of the Forgotten and Nine Parts of Desire. Spivak maintains that comparative studies in world literature are currently predominantly conducted in accordance with the logic of globalization during the capitalist era. She is of the opinion that the field of literature is currently only used as a means to ensure the survival of Western powers. When they wish to investigate other cultures, they refer to them as "Third World" and regard them as an undeveloped "other." These criticisms are exacerbated when the Western world interacts with subordinate subjects, particularly the female gender. Due to the fact that they only provide an appearance of the situation of women in relation to their objectives. For the sake of its own objectives, it only presents a semblance of subalterns, particularly those of the female gender, and achieves an idealistic and essentialist policy. However, the subaltern subject is aware that a gender that is both expanding and developing is the most advantageous scenario for her when she speaks and behaves as a woman. It is regrettable that the subjugated and marginalized individuals should disclose another history of the oppressed, which has been neglected, in the shadow of this game. Through an examination of a selection of Spivak's theoretical works, including "Can the Subaltern Speak?"(1985), Death of a Discipline (2003), and "Rethinking Comparativism"(2009), this research will demonstrate that the Subaltern can articulate her pure experiences and self-expression through literature without the assistance of global powers, correction, or assistance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Comparative Literature
  • Gayatri Spivak
  • Heather Raffo
  • Naghmeh Samini
  • Subaltern Studies
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