نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• فرزانه نجفی ¹
• علی اصغر شیرازی ²

¹ استادیارگروه ارتباط تصویری، دانشکدة فنی و مهندسی گرگان، دانشگاه گلستان

² دانشیار دانشکدة هنر شاهد، دانشگاه شاهد

چکیده

جستار پیش رو به بررسی آثار هنرمندان فعال زن در حیطة «هنر اجرا» و «هنر محیطی» پرداخته است. مندیتا، وندرمولن و گودرزی، هنرمندان انتخاب‌شده در این پژوهش، بدن زنانة خود را به‌عنوان مدیوم اصلی برای خلق آثار هنری‌شان در طبیعت به‌کار گرفته‌اند. هدف کلی این پژوهش بررسی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر ایجاد شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌ها در نحوة ارائه و استفاده از بدن زن در چیدمان‌ها یا اجراهایی است که هنرمندان هنر محیطی، در قیاس با حضور یا نقش بدن در هنر اجرا، در آثارشان استفاده کرده‌اند. پژوهش حاضر سؤالات در‌برگیرندة دو سؤال است: در نحوة ارائة عصر بدن در طبیعت چه شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌هایی بین آثار هنرمندان مورد پژوهش وجود دارد؟ همچنین، نحوة ارائه و استفاده از عنصر بدن در آثار هنرمندان مورد پژوهش چگونه است؟ روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی و شیوة جمع‌آوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی صورت گرفته است. در راستای اهداف پژوهش، مصاحبه و پرسش‌نامه‌هایی نیز انجام شده است. شیوة تجزیه و تحلیل مطالب به صورت کیفی و تحلیل محتوا انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد بدن در آثار هر سه هنرمند به‌عنوان یک ابژه و مدیوم اصلی به کار گرفته شده است، اما تفاوت‌های فرهنگی، جغرافیایی، خصوصاً باورهای مذهبی آن‌ها، توانسته تأثیر مهمی در نحوة ارائة متفاوت و سمبلیک هنرمندان از بدنشان در ارائة آثار هنری‌شان داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آنا مندیتا
• بدن زنانه
• تارا گودرزی
• کارین وندرمولن
• هنر اجرا
• هنر محیطی

عنوان مقاله [English]

A study on Effective Factors in Body Use among the Works of Performance and Environment Artists: The Case of Three Woman Artists

نویسندگان [English]

• Farzaneh Najafi ¹
• Ali Asghar Shirazi ²

¹ Assistant Professor of Visual Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University

² Associate Professor, Faculty of Art, Shahed University

چکیده [English]

Contemporary era has witnessed the emergence of various thoughts which cause many styles and methods become popular based on artists’ viewpoints. In fact, it could be said that a distinct thinking and point of view has come to existence for each artist as one of the challenges of contemporary art era. Many male and female artists have applied their own bodies as the core medium in offering their works in majority of contemporary art movements such as environmental art, performance art, earth art and so on. Among these artists there are a handful of females who mainly focus on the use of their body. The present research proceeds to the works of three woman artists who are active in the fields of “performance art” and “environmental art”. Ana Mendieta, Karin Van der Molen, and Tara Goudarzi, the artists selected for this study, applied their feminine bodies as the main medium to create their artworks in nature. The general objective of this research is investigating effective factors (such as culture, religion, and geography) in appearing similarities and differences in the manner of environmental artists use and offer their body in installations and performances compared with the presence or the role of body in works of performance artists. These are the questions of present research: What similarities and differences are seen between the works of study case artists in respect of presenting the body in nature. How the element of body is used in the work of study case artists? The research is carried out to answer these questions in descriptive-analytic method and the data are also collected in library and field study methods (interview and questionnaire). To respond the research questions, descriptive and analytic research methods are applied and the data are collected through library and field study. Along with research objectives interviews and questionnaires are conducted as well. Interviews and questionnaires are also conducted in consistency with research objectives. Data analysis is done in qualitative and content analysis methods. Findings indicate that body is used in works of all three artists as an object and plays the role of the main medium, but cultural, geographic, and specifically religious beliefs had an essential effect in different symbolic offering ways of their art-works. Unlike Mendieta, Goudarzi and Van der Molen used their bodies in the works implicitly, while presence of clothing in Mendieta’s protesting works would definitely reduce the significance of the subjects she objected to, such as the use of feminine body, when her contemporary feministic concerns and movements in protesting against instrumentalizing woman body had made a lot of noise. In addition, unlike Van der Molen and Goudarzi, besides focusing on nudity, Mendieta used blood element in a lot of her works that had its roots in protesting against religious issues based on which the artist is grown up. The results also show that although these three artists emerged in different time, geographic, and religious conditions, common womanish thoughts and the concern of offering their art through body in the nature is clear in their works, but in totally different expression ways. The difference is that Mendieta unlike Goudarzi and Van der Molen, in her performances mostly try to avoid the presence of any distracting factor between her body and nature, even as clothing items that could have direct impact on the audience and prevent them from focusing on artist’s overt action in nature.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• performance art
• environmental art
• female body
• Ana Mendieta
• Karin Van der Molen
• Tara Godarzai